MARIANA XAVIER MILAGRE

MARIANA XAVIER MILAGRE

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Investigação da atividade eletroquímica de liga Al-Cu-Li após processo de soldagem por fricção e mistura
2023 - SILVA, REJANE M.P. da; MILAGRE, MARIANA X.; ARAUJO, JOAO V. de S.; RAMIREZ, OSCAR M.P.; MACHADO, CARULINE de S.C.; ANTUNES, RENATO A.; COSTA, ISOLDA
In this work, the local electrochemical activity of the zones coupled by Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of an Al-Cu-Li alloy was studied and the results were correlated to the microstructural characteristics of each zone. Electrochemical studies were carried out in the zones affected by welding using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electrochemical techniques (namely, SECM - Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and LEIS – Local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The results showed that the welding joint (WJ) is predominantly cathodic relatively to the heat affected zones (HAZ). The HAZ was always anodic and showed the highest electrochemical activities among the tested ones. The high electrochemical activity of the HAZ was associated with the effect of galvanic coupling between the cathodic region (WJ) and the anodic region (HAZ). In addition, the advancing side (AS) presented increased electrochemical activity compared to the retreating one (RS).
Exfoliation and intergranular corrosion resistance of the 2198 Al–Cu–Li alloy with different thermomechanical treatments
2020 - ARAUJO, JOAO V. de S.; MILAGRE, MARIANA X.; FERREIRA, RAPHAEL O.; MACHADO, CARULINE de S.C.; BUGARIN, ALINE de F.S.; MACHADO, IZABEL F.; COSTA, ISOLDA
In this study, the resistance to exfoliation and intergranular corrosion (IGC) of the 2198 Al–Cu–Li alloy submitted to different thermomechanical treatments (T3, T8, and T851) was investigated. The tests were carried out following the standard practices, ASTM G34‐18 and ASTM G110‐15, respectively. All the tested alloys showed susceptibility to exfoliation and some alloys showed susceptibility to IGC, but the artificially aged alloys presented a higher tendency to exfoliation. The extensive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was observed on the surfaces of artificially aged alloys when immersed in the EXCO solution. The HER resulted in an increase in solution pH with the time of immersion. Also, the weight losses related to the artificially aged alloys were higher than that of the naturally aged ones. The T8 treatment was the only condition that resulted in susceptibility to both, intergranular and transgranular corrosion, whereas the T851 treatment did not show IGC susceptibility, only transgranular corrosion. Finally, the 2198‐T3 condition showed the highest corrosion resistance among the thermomechanical treatments tested. The results of the 2198 alloy subjected to various treatments were compared with that of the 2024‐T3 alloy. This last alloy showed higher resistance to exfoliation and IGC as compared with the 2198 alloy.
Macro and microgalvanic interactions in friction stir weldment of AA2198-T851 alloy
2019 - DONATUS, UYIME; SILVA, REJANE M.P. da; ARAUJO, JOAO V. de S.; MILAGRE, MARIANA X.; ABREU, CAIO P. de; MACHADO, CARULINE de S.C.; COSTA, ISOLDA
The galvanic interactions within and between the friction stir weld zones of the AA2198-T851alloy have been investigated using electrochemical and microscopy techniques. The parentmaterial (PM) was the most anodic region and exhibited pronounced severe localized corro-sion (SLC) both when coupled and isolated. The stir zone was the most resistant to corrosionand exhibited no SLC when coupled, but exhibited SLC when isolated. Profiles associatedwith dissolved oxygen consumption and hydrogen generation currents across the weldmentwere inversely related because the anodic (PM) region produced higher hydrogen bubblesand, interestingly, consumed more dissolved oxygen compared with the other regions.
Exfoliation corrosion susceptibility in the zones of friction stir welded AA2098-T351
2019 - MILAGRE, MARIANA X.; DONATUS, UYIME; MACHADO, CARULINE S.C.; ARAUJO, JOAO V.S.; FERREIRA, RAPHAEL O.; SILVA, REJANE M.P.; ANTUNES, RENATO A.; COSTA, ISOLDA
In the present study, the exfoliation susceptibility of the weld zones in friction stir weldedAA2098-T351 was compared with that of the base metal (BM) according to ASTM G34 stan-dard practice. Friction stir welding (FSW) had a significant effect on the microstructure of theAl alloy tested and the susceptibility to exfoliation was strongly affected by the microstruc-ture. Different features of corrosion attack and exfoliation susceptibility were observed whenthe zones affected by FSW were tested isolated or coupled. Also, the near-surface deformedlayer had an important effect on the Al alloy susceptibility to exfoliation. These are themain findings of this work. The corrosion features were correlated with the microstructuralmodifications related to the welding process and with the electrochemical response. TheT1 phase morphology, distribution and size were critical for exfoliation susceptibility. Thestir zone (SZ) was the zone most resistant to exfoliation. However, resistance to exfoliationvaried with the temperatures reached in the heat affected zones (HAZs). The HAZ exposedto the lowest temperatures during welding, HAZ (LT), was the most susceptible to exfoli-ation, whereas the HAZ exposed to the highest temperatures, HAZ (HT), presented highresistance to exfoliation, similarly to the SZ. The ASTM-G34 practice was an effective anduseful method in identifying the different exfoliation resistances of the BM and the vari-ous zones affected by FSW. The results of this practice were supported by electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests.
Effect of surface treatments on the localized corrosion resistance of the AA2198‐T8 aluminum lithium alloy welded by FSW process
2019 - MACHADO, CARULINE de S.C.; KLUMPP, RAFAEL E.; AYUSSO, VICTOR H.; DONATUS, UYIME; MILAGRE, MARIANA X.; ARAUJO, JOAO V. de S.; MACHADO, GLAUSON A.F.; COSTA, ISOLDA
In this work, the effect of eight types of surface treatments on the corrosion resistance of friction stir welded samples of an AA2198‐T8 Al‐Cu‐Li alloy were tested and compared in an attempt to find suitable alternatives to toxic and carcinogenic hexavalent chromium treatments. All the samples were anodized and subjected to different post‐anodizing treatments. The post‐anodizing treatments were (1) hydrothermal treatment in Ce (NO3)3 6H2O solution; (2) hydrothermal treatment in Ce (NO3)3 6H2O solution with H2O2; (3) hydrothermal treatment in boiling water; (4) hexavalent chromium conversion coating; and (5) immersion in BTSE (bis‐1,2‐(triethoxysilyl) ethane. The corrosion resistance of the treated samples was evaluated by immersion tests in sodium chloride solution (0.1 mol L−1 NaCl) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the friction stir weldment. The results showed that among the alternative treatments, the Ce‐containing solutions presented the best corrosion resistance, especially when used without peroxide.
Exfoliation susceptibility of aluminum alloys joined by Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
2018 - MILAGRE, MARIANA X.; DONATUS, UYIME; MACHADO, CARULINE S.C.; ARAUJO, JOAO V. de S.; MOGILI, VISHNU; ASTARITA, ANTONELLO; COSTA, ISOLDA
In the present study, the exfoliation susceptibility of a commercial Al-Cu-Li alloy of the third generation, AA2098-T351, joined by FSW was investigated according to ASTM G34 standard practice and the results were compared with the results of the parent material. Susceptibility to exfoliation attack was classified by the depth of attack penetration. The cross-sections of the samples after test were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the penetration depth of corrosion attack. A comparison to conventional Al-Cu alloys (AA2024-T3/T351) was carried out and the results showed that the Al-Cu-Li alloy tested (AA2098-T351) was more susceptible to exfoliation. Besides, exfoliation susceptibility varied with each welded zone and the active zones remained active for long periods of time after removal from the test solution when the attack continuously propagated in the corrosion front.
Effect of galvanic coupling on the corrosion susceptibility of friction stir weldment of AA2198-T851 alloy
2018 - COSTA, I.; DONATUS, U.; MILAGRE, M.X.; MACHADO, C.S.C.; ARAUJO, J.V.S.
The AA2198-T851 alloy is a new generation Al-Li alloy which finds application in the aerospace industry. Its preference over conventional Al alloys is premised on the fact that it exhibits better strength to weight ratio and improved fatigue resistance due to the addition of Li as a major alloying element. However, it is a relatively new alloy and its processing-structure-property-performance relationship is far from being established. This is very true for the relationship between its structure and corrosion resistance which is very scarce in the literature. Our recent findings have revealed that this alloy is highly susceptible to severe localized corrosion which is caused by the abundance of active hexagonal T1 (Al2CuLi) particles in its microstructure. The corrosion susceptibility is further promoted by the non-uniform precipitation of these particles which are often preferentially concentrated in bands aligned parallel to the {111}Al. Furthermore, bulk zonal heterogenities with pronounced non-uniform distribution of the active T1 particles are created when this alloy is welded using friction stir welding. The friction stir welding process is a solid state welding process that has been adjudged to be the best welding technique for Al alloys. Nonetheless, this process generates different zones in the weldments of Al alloys. Thus, zones exhibiting different electrochemical characteristics and severe galvanic interactions can occur when the weldment is exposed to a corrosive media. The galvanic interactions can lead to a faster propagation of attack in the most susceptible region of the weldment, which in this case is the parent material (with the highest volume fraction of the T1 particles). To establish this, the galvanic interactions between the zones of the weldment have been investigated by separately exposing the parent material and the stir zone of the weld and then by exposing the entire weldment using NaCl and EXCO solutions. Optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes were also employed in the study. The results revealed that the parent material of the weldment was the most susceptible (as previously mentioned) and appeared to corrode at a faster rate when coupled to the more cathodic stir zone, thermomechanically affected zone and the heat affected zones of the weldment (with lower volume fraction of the T1 particles). The modes of corrosion in the zones of the weld were also observed to be different. However, the most susceptible region corroded intragranularly with the grain boundaries exhibiting more noble electrochemical characteristics.
Corrosion and anodizing behaviour of friction stir weldment of AA2198- T851 Al-Cu-Li alloy
2018 - DONATUS, UYIME; FERREIRA, RAPHAEL O.; MOGILI, NAGA V.V.; VIVEIROS, BARBARA V.G. de; MILAGRE, MARIANA X.; COSTA, ISOLDA
Anodizing behaviour of AA2198-T851 friction stir weldment and the corrosion behaviour of unpolished and polished weldments of the alloy have been investigated. Electrochemical and microscopic techniques were employed in the study. The results revealed that the manufacturing-process induced near-surface deformed layer significantly affected the corrosion behaviour of the weldment. Thus, the corrosion behaviour of the weldment in the polished condition (which is the common practice) was different from that of the unpolished one due to the presence of near-surface deformed layer. Anodizing as a corrosion protection method for the weldment caused the formation of pronounced non-uniform oxide layer thicknesses across the weld zones. This was because the weldment oxidized at a higher rate compared with the parent material (PM) due to an increased proportion of Li in solid solution in the stir zone of the weldment.