LUCAS FAUSTINO TOMAZ
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Capítulo IPEN-doc 28372 Characteristics of PB2+ doped CsI matrix under gamma and neutron excitations2021 - PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.; MADI FILHO, TUFIC; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; TOMAZ, LUCAS F.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding new fast scintillating material or improve the characteristics of known scintillatorsfor the demand of high energy physics, industrial and nuclear medical applications. Divalent lead ions Pb2+ built in some crystal structures are efficient emission centers and their applications in scintillators wereand arestill the reason of an intensive study of emission properties of different compounds containing these ions. In this context, the crystals of Pb2+ doped CsI matrix were grown by the vertical Bridgman techniqueandsubjected to annealing in vacuum of 10-6 mbar and constanttemperatureof 350°C, for 24 hours, and then they were employed. To evaluate the response of the CsI:Pb scintillator crystal to gamma radiation, radioactive sources of 137Cs (662 keV), 60Co (1173 keV and 1333 keV), 22Na (511 keV and 1275 keV) and 133Ba (355 keV) wereused. The operating voltage of the photomultiplier was 2700 V for the detection of gamma rays and the accumulation time in the counting process was 600 s. The scintillator response to neutron radiation from a radioactive source of AmBe with energy range of 1 to 12 MeV was available. The activity of the AmBe source was 1 Ci Am. The emission ratewas 2.2x 106 neutrons/ second. The operating voltage of the photomultiplier tube was 1300 V. The accumulation time in the counting process was 600 s. With the results obtained, it may be observed that the crystals are sensitive to these radiations.Artigo IPEN-doc 27897 Growth and optical characteristics of the CsI:Li scintillator crystal for use as radiation detector2021 - PEREIRA, M.C.C.; FILHO, T.M.; TOMAZ, L.F.; BERRETTA, J.R.Materials capable of converting ionizing radiation into light photons are called scintillators, some have specific efficiencies for certain applications and types of radiation, e.g. gamma, X-ray, alpha, beta and neutrons. CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl crystals are commonly found in the market because they have several applications, but few studies have been done on lithium doped cesium iodide crystal (CsI:Li). The lithium element, in this crystal used as a dopant, is also exploited as a converter for neutron detection, as it has a shock section of 940 barns for thermal neutrons. The study of the CsI:Li crystal is convenient considering the natural abundance of the lithium element with 7.5%, besides the interest in having a low cost national scintillator material, with an opportunity to search for the response of a detector for different types of radiation. The CsI:Li crystal was grown with molar concentration 10-4 to 10-1, using the vertical Bridgman technique. The parameters involved in the growth process were investigated. The transmittance was evaluated in the spectral region from 190 nm to 1100 nm. Luminescence emission spectra for the CsI:Li crystal were evaluated by photometric analysis of the crystal stimulated with a 137Cs (662 keV) source in front of the coupled sample at the monochromator input. The crystals showed maximum luminescence intensity at the wavelength of 420 nm. It was evaluated the response of the scintillators, when excited with gamma radiation of 241Am, 133Ba, 22Na, 137Cs, 60Co and neutron radiation from the AmBe source, with energy range of 1 MeV to 12 Mev.Dissertação IPEN-doc 27296 Otimização do crescimento de cristais cintiladores inorgânicos em matriz CsI dopada com lítio para uso como detectores de radiação2019 - TOMAZ, LUCAS F.São denominados cintiladores os materiais sólidos, líquidos ou gasosos capazes de converter radiação de alta energia em radiação no espectro ultravioleta ou visível de forma eficiente, ao absorver de maneira parcial ou total a radiação incidente. No que se refere a área de investigação de cristais cintiladores, os inorgânicos ocupam considerável espaço no grupo dos cintiladores utilizados nas áreas de trabalho com radiação, aplicados como detectores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver cristais cintiladores inorgânicos em matriz de CsI, utilizando o íon lítio (Li+) como elemento dopante em concentrações de 10-1 M, 10-2 M, 10-3 M e 10-4 M por meio da técnica de Bridgman. Estudou-se o comportamento dos cristais excitando-os com diferentes níveis de energia de radiação alfa, gama e também com radiação de nêutrons e comparou-se os resultados a matriz pura de CsI. Os cristais foram excitados com radiação gama no intervalo de energia de 59 keV à 1333 keV, radiação alfa com energia de 5,54 MeV e com radiação de nêutrons com energia de 1 MeV a 12 MeV. Os cristais CsI:Li também foram submetidos a caracterizações físicas e químicas tais como: transmitância óptica, emissão de luminescência, distribuição do dopante Li ao longo do eixo de crescimento e confirmação da estrutura cristalina. Os cristais dopados com lítio apresentaram melhor resposta a radiação alfa quando comparados com o cristal CsI puro e a sensibilidade aumenta conforme o também aumento da concentração do dopante Li, cristais CsI:Li com as concentrações de 10-2 M e 10-3 M apresentaram a melhor altura de pulso para radiação gama. Os cristais CsI:Li apresentaram sensibilidade a detecção de nêutrons, com volume de contagens expressivamente superior ao cristal de CsI puro. Os cristais de CsI:Li 10-3 M e 10-2 M apresentaram melhor detecção à radiação de nêutrons no intervalo de concentração do dopante Li estudado. A adição do Li à matriz CsI resultou em cristais com resultados promissores para uso como detectores, quando excitados com radiação alfa,radiaçao gama e radiação de nêutrons.Artigo IPEN-doc 26850 Optical properties and radiation response of Li ion-doped CsI scintillator crystal2019 - PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.; MADI FILHO, TUFIC; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; TOMAZ, LUCAS F.; MADI, MIRIAM N.Scintillators are materials that convert the energy of ionizing radiation into a flash of light. Due to the existence of different types of scintillators, they are classified into three groups according to their physicochemical characteristics, namely, inorganic, organic and gaseous scintillators. Among the inorganic crystals, the most frequently used as scintillator consist of alkali metals, in particular alkaline iodides. Scintillation materials have many applications, for instance in medical imaging, security, physics, biology, non-destructive inspection and medicine. In this study, lithium doped CsI scintillator crystals were grown using the vertical Bridgman technique. The concentration of the lithium doping element (Li) studied was 10-4 M to 10-1 M. Analyses were carried out to evaluate the developed scintillators with regard to luminescence emission and optical transmittance. The luminescence emission spectra of these crystals were measured with a monochromator for gamma radiation from 137Cs source excitation. The determination of the dopant distribution along the crystalline axis allowed the identification of the region with Li concentration uniformity, which is the region of the crystalline volume indicated for use as a radiation detector. The crystals were excited with neutron radiation from AmBe source, with the energy range of 1 MeV to 12 MeV. As neutron sources also generate gamma radiation, which can interfere with the measurement, it is necessary that the detector be able to discriminate the presence of such radiation. Accordingly, experiments were performed using gamma radiation in the energy range of 59 keV to 1333 keV in order to verify the ability of the detector to discriminate the presence of different types of radiation.Artigo IPEN-doc 26849 Study and development of neutron detectors using doped CsI crystals2019 - MADI FILHO, TUFIC; PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; TOMAZ, LUCAS F.; MADI, MIRIAM N.The development of new radiation detectors using scintillation crystals, which increase response speed, dose and energy accuracy and, at the same time, the feasibility of simplifying and reducing costs in the production process are always necessary. In the CTR-IPEN laboratory, pure and doped CsI crystals were grown using the Bridgman technique. This work shows the obtained results using a doped CsI scintillator with the converters: Br, Pb, Tl, Li as alpha, beta, gamma and neutron detectors.Resumo IPEN-doc 26846 Optical properties and radiation response of Li ion-doped CsI scintillator crystal2019 - PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.; MADI FILHO, TUFIC; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; TOMAZ, LUCAS F.; MADI, MIRIAM N.Scintillators are materials that convert the energy of ionizing radiation into a flash of light. Due to the existence of different types of scintillators themselves, they were classified into three groups according to their physicochemical characteristics, namely, inorganic, organic and gaseous scintillators. Among the inorganic crystals, the most used as scintillator are constituted of alkali metals, in particular alkaline iodides. Scintillation materials are used in many applications, such as medical imaging, security, physics, biology, non-destructive inspection and medicine. In this work, lithium doped CsI scintillator crystals were grown using the vertical Bridgman technique. The concentration of the lithium doping element (Li) studied was 10-4 M to 10-1 M. Analyses were carried out to evaluate the scintillators developed concerning to luminescence emission and optical transmittance. The luminescence emission spectra of these crystals were measured with a monochromator for gamma radiation from 137Cs source excitation. The optical transmittance measurements were made in the CsI;Li crystal, in a spectral region of 200 nm to 1100 nm. Determination of the dopant distribution along the crystalline axis, allowing to identify the region with Li concentration uniformity, which is the region of the crystalline volume indicated for use as radiation detector. The crystals were excited with neutron radiation from AmBe source, with energy range of 1 MeV to 12 MeV. As with neutron sources also generate gamma radiation, which can interfere with the measurement, it is necessary that detector be able to discriminate the presence of such radiation. Accordingly, experiments were performed using gamma radiation in the energy range 59 keV to 1333 keV in order to verify the ability of the detector to discriminate the presence of different types of radiation.Resumo IPEN-doc 26845 Study and development of neutron detectors using doped CsI crystals2019 - MADI FILHO, TUFIC; PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; TOMAZ, LUCAS F.; MADI, MIRIAM N.In the development of nuclear radiation detectors one must take into consideration the process of interaction of the radiation under study with matter. In the case of neutron detectors it must be considered that the detection of neutrons is not trivial in view of the lack of charges of these particles and the peculiarity of their interactions with matter. Another difficulty in the detection of neutrons consists in the discrimination of the electronic impulses generated by the neutrons of those generated by other radiations, almost always present. The main propositions of neutron-sensitive detectors consist of gaseous detectors, scintillators and semiconductors. These detectors intrinsically are not sensitive to neutrons, so they need a radiation converter based on nuclear reactions of the type: Neutron + Converter -> Detectable radiation. Some reactions with neutrons are more used, such as: 10B (n, α), 6Li (n, α) and 3He (n, p). Neutron-scintillation crystal are being the object of active research in several research centers and having their implementations in several applications. The development of new radiation detectors using scintillation crystals, which increases response speed, dose and energy accuracy and, at the same time, the feasibility of simplifying and reducing costs in the production process is always necessary. In the CTR-IPEN laboratory, pure and doped CsI crystals were grown using the Bridgman technique. This work shows the obtained results using doped CsI scintillator with the converters: Br, Pb, Tl, Li as neutron detectors.Artigo IPEN-doc 26195 Growth and optics characteristics of the CsI:Li scintillator crystal for use as radiation detector2019 - TOMAZ, LUCAS F.; MADI FILHO, TUFIC; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.Materials capable of converting ionizing radiation into light photons are called scintillators, some have specific efficiencies for certain applications and types of radiation, e.g. gamma, X-ray, alpha, beta and neutrons. CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl crystals are commonly found in the market because they have several applications, but few studies have been done on lithium doped cesium iodide crystal (CsI:Li). The lithium element, in this crystal used as a dopant, is also exploited as a converter for neutron detection, as it has a shock section of 940 barns for thermal neutrons. The study of the CsI:Li crystal is convenient considering the natural abundance of the lithium element with 7.5%, besides the interest in having a low cost national scintillator material with an opportunity to search the response of a detector for different types of radiation. The CsI:Li crystal was grown with molar concentration 10-4 to 10-1, using the vertical Bridgman technique. The parameters involved in the growth process were investigated. The transmittance was evaluated in the spectral region from 190 nm to 1100 nm. Luminescence emission spectra for the CsI:Li crystal were evaluated by photometric analysis of the crystal stimulated with a 137Cs (662 keV) source in front of the coupled sample at the monochromator input. The crystals showed of maximum luminescence intensity at the wavelength of 420 nm. The response of the scintillators when excited with gamma radiation of 241Am, 133Ba, 22Na,137Cs, 60Co and neutron radiation from the AmBe source, with energy range of 1 MeV to 12 Mev was evaluated.Artigo IPEN-doc 25746 Characteristics of Pb2+ doped CsI matrix under gamma and neutron excitations2019 - PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.; FILHO, TUFIC M.; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; TOMAZ, LUCAS F.; PINTO, MARLENE C.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding new fast scintillating material or improve the characteristics of known scintillators for the demand of high energy physics, industrial and nuclear medical ap-plications. Divalent lead ions Pb2+ built in some crystal structures are efficient emission centers and their appli-cations in scintillators were and are still the reason of an intensive study of emission properties of different com-pounds containing these ions. In this context, the crystals of Pb2+ doped CsI matrix were grown by the vertical Bridgman technique and subjected to annealing in vacuum of 10-6 mbar and constant temperature of 350°C, for 24 hours, and then they were employed. To evaluate the response of the CsI:Pb scintillator crystal to gamma radiation, radioactive sources of 137Cs (662 keV), 60Co (1173 keV and 1333 keV), 22Na (511 keV and 1275 keV) and 133Ba (355 keV) were used. The operating voltage of the photomultiplier was 2700 V for the detection of gamma rays and the accumulation time in the counting process was 600 s. The scintillator response to neutron radiation from a radioactive source of AmBe with energy range of 1 to 12 MeV was available. The activity of the AmBe source was 1 Ci Am. The emission rate was 2.2 x 106 neutrons / second. The operating voltage of the pho-tomultiplier tube was 1300 V. The accumulation time in the counting process was 600 s. With the results obtai-ned, it may be observed that the crystals are sensitive to these radiations.Artigo IPEN-doc 24134 Characteristics of Pb2+ doped CsI matriz under gamma and neutron excitations2017 - PEREIRA, MARIA da C.C.; MADI FILHO, TUFIC; BERRETTA, JOSE R.; TOMAZ, LUCAS F.; PINTO, MARLENE C.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding new fast scintillating material or improve the characteristics of known scintillators for the demand of high energy physics, industrial and nuclear medical applications. Ions divalent lead Pb2+ built in some crystal structures are efficient emission centers and their applications in scintillators was and still is the reason of an intensive study of emission properties of different compounds containing these ions. The aggregation of impurities in CsI is poorly studied. The problem of impurity aggregation in CsI is of interest from point of view of the luminescent properties modification of this scintillation material. In this context, the crystals of Pb2+ doped CsI matrix were grown by the vertical Bridgman technique and subjected to annealing in vacuum of 10-6 mbar and continuous temperatura of 350°C, for 24 hours, and then they were employed. To evaluate the response of the CsI:Pb scintillator crystal to gamma radiation, radioactive sources of 137Cs (662 keV), 60Co (1173 keV and 1333 keV), 22Na (511 keV and 1275 keV) and 133Ba (355 keV) was used. The operating voltage of the photomultiplier was 2700 V for the detection of gamma rays and the accumulation time in the counting process was 600 s. The crystals used in gamma spectroscopy were cut with dimensions of 20 mm in diameter and 20 mm in height. The scintillator response to neutron radiation from a radioactive source of Am/Be with energy range of 1 MeV to 12 MeV was available. The activity of the AmBe source was 1Ci Am. The fluency was 2.6 x 106 neutrons / second. The operating voltage of the photomultiplier tube was 1300 V. The accumulation time in the counting process was 600 s. The scintillator crystals were cut with dimensions of 20 mm diameter and 10 mm height. With the results obtained, it may be observed that the crystals are sensitive to these radiations.