DANIEL LEAL BAYERLEIN

DANIEL LEAL BAYERLEIN

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Mechanical, corrosion, and ion release studies of Ti-34Nb-6Sn alloy with comparable to the bone elastic modulus by powder metallurgy method
2022 - CORREA-ROSSI, MARIANA; ROMERO-RESENDIZ, LILIANA; LEAL-BAYERLEIN, DANIEL; GARCIA-ALVES, ANA L.; SEGOVIA-LOPEZ, FRANCISCO; AMIGO-BORRAS, VICENTE
The development of a Ti-34Nb-6Sn alloy by the powder metallurgy method, employing two different compaction conditions, A (100 MPa) and B (200 MPa), was carried out. To evaluate the feasibility of the Ti-34Nb-6Sn alloy as an implant biomaterial, microstructural and mechanical characterizations, as well as corrosion susceptibility and ion release tests, were performed. Results indicated microstructures dominated by the presence of -Ti phase and a lower percentage of α-Ti and Nb phases. The porosity percentage decreased when the compaction pressure increased. Both conditions presented a good match between the elastic moduli of the alloy (14.0 to 18.8 GPa) and that reported for the bone tissue. The Ti, Nb and Sn ions released for both compaction conditions were within the acceptable ranges for the human body. Condition B showed higher corrosion resistance in comparison with condition A. Based on the obtained results, the produced porous Ti-34Nb-6Sn alloys are feasible materials for orthopedic implant applications.
Obtenção e caracterização de pós de ligas de Ti13Nb13Zr por processo de hidretação-dehidretação para aplicação como biomaterial por impressão 3D
2021 - BAYERLEIN, DANIEL L.
O processo de manufatura aditiva tem apresentado um interesse crescente tanto na comunidade acadêmica como na indústria. Na indústria, a liga de Ti6Al4V tem sido largamente utilizada principalmente nas áreas aeronáutica e médica. Várias outras ligas de Ti têm sido estudadas na área médica e a liga Ti13Nb13Zr, escolhida para este trabalho, já é utilizada por processos convencionais de fusão e forjamento. Ainda são poucos os trabalhos em manufatura aditiva utilizando esta liga sendo que somente no ano de 2018 começaram a surgir os primeiros. Entretanto, todos estes trabalhos tiveram como material de partida utilizado pós esféricos produzidos por processos de atomização e não pós irregulares como os utilizados aqui. Este trabalho foi dividido em três partes. A primeira foi a formação da liga em um forno de feixe de elétrons, seguido pela transformação desta liga em pó através do processo de Hidretação-Dehidretação (HDH) e, por último, o desenvolvimento dos parâmetros do processo de fusão seletiva a laser para a produção de peças com alta densificação. O processo HDH tem como característica a produção de pó de formato irregular o que torna desafiadora a possibilidade da utilização deste pó em fusão seletiva a laser. No trabalho foi possível desenvolver o processo para a produção de pó da liga Ti13Nb13Zr na faixa granulométrica de 10 a 45m, própria para utilização em fusão seletiva a laser. Foram desenvolvidos os parâmetros de utilização do pó HDH em fusão seletiva a laser. Este pó foi comparado com um pó produzido pelo processo de atomização a plasma. Os resultados de densificação no processo de fusão seletiva a laser com a utilização de pó HDH foram superiores a 99,5%, comparáveis aos valores atingidos com a utilização de pó atomizado a plasma, demonstrando a possibilidade de se utilizar um pó de custo de produção inferior na produção de biomateriais.
Comparing spherical and irregularly shaped powders in laser powder bed fusion of Nb47Ti alloy
2021 - GUZMAN, JHOAN; NOBRE, RAFAEL de M.; JUNIOR, RODRIGUES D.L.; MORAIS, WILLY A. de; NUNUES, ENZO R.; BAYERLEIN, D.L.; FALCAO, R.B.; SALLICA-LEVA, EDWIN; OLIVEIRA, HENRIQUE R.; CHASTINET, VICTOR L.; LANDGRAF, FERNANDO J.G.
Literature reports that irregularly shaped powder has lower flowability and apparent density than spherical shaped powder, factors that hinder its use in additive manufacturing, although its cost is potentially lower. In this study, four samples of Nb47Ti alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion from plasma atomized (PA) and hydride–dehydride (HDH) powders with different scanning strategies and interstitial element content were compared. Laser power levels of 200 W and 300 W were investigated. To keep a constant powder mass under the laser beam, the processing table displacement for samples from the HDH powder was twice larger than the 30 µm used for samples from the PA powder procedure, due to the lower apparent density of the HDH powder. It was possible to achieve porosity levels below 1% with both powders. However, the power of 200 W generated 13% of porosity in the HDH samples. A similar microstructure formed by melt pools and cellular dendritic structure in a β phase matrix of body-centered cubic (BCC) structure was obtained in all samples. Furthermore, the low interstitial element content of samples from PA powder resulted in lower microhardness when compared to the higher interstitial element content of samples from HDH powder.
Evaluation of the influence of low Mg content on the mechanical and microstructural properties of β titanium alloy
2021 - ROSSI, MARIANA C.; BAYERLEIN, DANIEL L.; GOUVEA, EBER de S.; RODRIGUEZ, MONTSERRAT V.H.; ESCUDER, ANGEL V.; BORRAS, VICENTE A.
It was investigated in order to better understand the relationship between the low presence of Mg in the Ti–Nb–Sn alloy in its mechanical and microstructural properties by the powder metallurgy technique for biomedical application. The blended powders with the nominal composition of Ti–34Nb–6Sn were obtained by milling at 200 rpm/40 min, compacted at 200 MPa. The sintering were carried out at 900 °C/2 h and at 1110 °C/2 h, followed by furnace cooling. The particle size was characterized by the dynamic image analyzer (DIA). The phases quantification and their microstructure were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The porosity was characterized by the Archimedes method and also bi-dimensionally by the Image J software. The mechanical tests were performed by the impulse excitation (Sonelastic ®) technique, in order to evaluate the elastic modulus (E) of the sintered materials and the hardness and resistance by the Rockwell method. The results indicated that the sintering at 1100 °C in the materials with Mg, still had particles of Nb not diffused. The microstructure was basically formed by two phases with the presence of Nb non-diffused in all conditions except at 1100 °C in the system without Mg. The β phase % for systems without and with Mg at 900 °C was approximately 80% and 65%. At 1100 °C, 76% and 78%. The E and hardness were 31 GPa and 226 MPa at 900 °C; 49 GPa and 344 MPa at 1100 °C for materials with Mg. The O and N content increased approximately 1.3 times when adding Mg powder.
Laser powder bed fusion parameters to produce high-density Ti-53%Nb alloy using irregularly shaped powder from hydride-dehydride (HDH) process
2021 - GUZMAN, JHOAN; NOBRE, RAFAEL de M.; NUNES, ENZO R.; BAYERLEIN, D.L.; FALCAO, R.B.; SALLICA-LEVA, EDWIN; FERREIRA NETO, JOAO B.; OLIVEIRA, HENRIQUE R.; CHASTINET, VICTOR L.; LANDGRAF, FERNANDO J.G.
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) – also known as selective laser melting (SLM) – is a technology of additive manufacturing (AM) that offers benefits to the fabrication of implants. This approach can create customized and complex parts with low elastic modulus to reduce stress shielding. The use of irregularly shaped powder is not common due to its low flowability and low apparent density. However, its low cost arouses interest in the production of materials by this technology. This work discloses the processing window that allows the fabrication of Ti-53wt.%Nb alloy parts with high density using irregularly shaped powder from hydride–dehydride (HDH) process and analyzes the influence of the process parameters on the microstructure and hardness of the samples manufactured by LPBF. Energy densities (EV) from 16 to 317 J/mm3 were investigated. Experimental density measurements by the Archimedes' principle and pore area fraction were calculated and relating to the density estimated based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of the HDH powder. Vickers hardness showed strong correlation to the content of interstitial elements of samples made under different EV. This work proves that is possible to obtain samples with high density using HDH powder in LPBF and that the content of interstitial elements increased with the energy density, as well as the hardness of the alloy.
Physical and biological characterizations of TiNbSn/(Mg) system produced by powder metallurgy for use as prostheses material
2021 - ROSSI, MARIANA C.; BAYERLEIN, DANIEL L.; BRANDAO, JAQUELINE de S.; PFEIFER, JOAO P.H.; ROSA, GUSTAVO dos S.; SILVA, WILLIAM de M.; MARTINEZ, LUIS G.; SAEKI, MARGARIDA J.; ALVES, ANA L.G.
Titanium scaffolds with non-toxic β stabilizing elements (Nb and Sn), Ti–34Nb–6Sn (TNS), and with magnesium as spacer (TNS/M), were processed by powder metallurgy, and sintered at 800 ◦C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that materials are biphasic alloys, presenting 45 to 42% (wt %) in hcp (α-phase) and the rest is bcc (β-phase), and the presence of a slight peak relating to TiO2 in both materials. Pores of approximately 50 μm for TNS and 300 μm to TNS/M were observed in the micrographic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wettability was higher for TNS/M compared to TNS. The elastic modulus was higher for TNS compared to TNS/M. Stem cells derived from equine bone marrow (BMMSCs) were used for in vitro assays. The morphologic and adhesion evaluation after 72 h, carried out by direct contact assay with the materials showed that the BMMSCs were anchored and adhered to the porous scaffolds, in the way the cytoplasmic extension was observed. The cellular migration, using the “wound healing” method, was significant for the groups treated with conditioned medium with materials in 24 h. Osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs, assessed by calcium deposition and staining with Alizarin Red, was greater in the conditioned medium with TNS/M in 10 days of culture. Since the biological effects was good and the elastic modulus decreased in the system with magnesium is a promising new content titanium alloy for biomedical application.
Preparation of porous ternary alloy Ti-34-Nb-6Sn / Mg for the implant
2019 - ROSSI, MARIANA C.; BAYERLEIN, DANIEL L.; BRANDÃO, JAQUELINE de S.; PFEIFER, JOÃO P.H.; ROSA, GUSTAVO dos S.; KRIECK, ANDRE M.T.; MARTINEZ, LUIS G.; SAEKI, MARGARIDA J.; ALVES, ANA L.G.
Titanium alloys are designed in order to provide attractive mechanical properties, including Young's modulus, high mechanical strength and biocompatibility [1]. These properties are achieved when titanium structured under β phase, and the selection of non-toxic beta-stabilizing metals is important for the improvement of the alloys. In order to create a good interaction at the bone-implant interface, it is interesting that these biomaterials also have adequate porosities for the bone cells to adhere on its surface, and the bone tissue to grow around the prosthesis. Thus, the purpose of this work was to produce the Ti-34-Nb-6Sn alloy by the powder metallurgy technique allied to the magnesium space holder. After the synthesis, the structure of the material was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and its morphological and compositional analysis, carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive energy (EDX). The apparent porosity analysis was made by the Archimedes method. In the biological assay, stem cells derived from equine bone marrow were seeded on the surface of the materials in order to obtain information about cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. The results of XRD and MEV confirmed the formation of the alloy (PDF: 25-977), being that the proportion of phase β was greater than the phase α (PDF: 44-1288,41-1352), and the evaporation of Mg, as well as a significant increase of porosity, which was also confirmed by the Archimedes method. Additionally, according to SEM, the cells showed good adhesion on the surface of the material, as well as inside the formed pores. According to the techniques used, it was then possible to obtain β phase rich titanium alloy with significant porosity on which the cells adhered satisfactorily.