Comparative analysis of silicon carbide with zirconium-based alloys

Abstract

According to international plans, the nuclear reactor fleet should reduce operational risk and avoid severe accidents. Around the world, there are 450 nuclear power reactors in operation, which supply about 11% of the electricity consumed. There are programs, such as Advanced Fuels Campaign (AFC), that plan to develop a more tolerant fuel system by 2025. These plans follow security concepts that present two options capable of replacing zirconium alloys used as cladding. The better candidates are metallic alloys and ceramic materials. Until the mid-1970s, austenitic steel was the main coating option. Recently, iron-based alloys have become short-term solutions composed of iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys. However, there are various advantages from using multilayer of silicon carbide (SIC) and ceramic composites. Silicon carbide has higher corrosion resistance, coupled with higher mechanical strength compared to zirconium alloys. Upon steam contact, ceramic cladding mitigates hydrogen buildup, avoiding explosion risk. This study presents a comparison of the thermal and mechanical properties between zirconium alloys and ceramic alternatives. Ceramic materials show desirable mechanical strength, such as high initial crack resistance, stiffness, ultimate strength, impact response, and high corrosion resistance. SIC has a lower neutron cross-section with significant safety margins.