THAIS ANDRADE DA SILVA

THAIS ANDRADE DA SILVA

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Carbon dioxide and methane levels in surface waters along the São Vicente island in coastal region of São Paulo state
2024 - ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, IZABEL S.; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M.; CORREA, THAIS; ANDRADE, THAIS; BRAGA, ELISABETE S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO
Various studies explore the relationship between the rising levels of CO2 and CH4 (greenhouse gasses) in the atmosphere and climate changes, and how these increases are connected to human activities. The escalation of these gas species may have implications for the environment. Concerning coastal systems, the rise in greenhouse gas emissions could impact the environment through multiple pathways because the atmosphere and superficial ocean waters also have significant exchanges. The main purpose of this work is to study Greenhouse gasses (GHG), such as CO2 and CH4, on the superficial waters of the coastal region of São Paulo coast. The data were collected in situ on a vessel provided by the Institute of Oceanography of São Paulo University (IOUSP). The campaign was conducted in spring 2022 (10-11 Оctober) in the south of the coast of São Paulo state, traveling through cities with anthropogenic impacts in principal Santos city, which is located the main port of Sul America. For these in situ measurements a portable gas analyzer Microportable Greenhouse Gas Analyzers (LGR-ICOS ™ GLA Series) was used to detect the CO2 and CH4 spectra through the Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) technique.
Análise da contribuição do aterro sanitário de Caieiras na emissãodemetanona atmosfera
2024 - SILVA, THAIS A. da
O metano (CH4) é um gás de efeito estufa com um potencial de aquecimento global superior ao CO2. Globalmente, 26% das emissões de gases de efeito estufa são de metano, com o Brasil como o quinto maior emissor. No Brasil, as principais fontes são a agricultura (71,8%), resíduos (15,8%), mudanças no uso da terra (8,7%), e setores de energia e industrial (2,8%). A decomposição de matéria orgânica em aterros sanitários gera biogás, composto por CH4 e CO2, que podem ser aproveitados para gerar energia. A oxidação pelo radical hidroxila é a principal forma de remoção do metano da atmosfera, com halogênios também contribuindo. Os métodos de monitoramento das emissões incluem sensoriamento remoto e medidas locais, importantes para acompanhar e mitigar as emissões. Esta pesquisa analisa a contribuição das emissões de metano provenientes do aterro sanitário de Caieiras, o maior da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, para a poluição atmosférica. Com o auxílio de um Analisador de Gases de Efeito Estufa, foram avaliadas as concentrações de metano ao redor do aterro, identificando concentrações acima do valor de background, e depois, estimando as taxas de emissão de metano por meio da metodologia inversa do Modelo de Dispersão de Qualidade do Ar, AERMOD, e seus pré e pós-processadores, correlacionando as metodologias. A pesquisa realizada em campo revelou variações significativas nas concentrações de metano em torno do aterro sanitário ao longo de três datas distintas: 14 de fevereiro, 6 de julho e 22 de novembro de 2023. Em fevereiro, as concentrações médias variaram entre 5 e 8,5 ppm, com picos acima de 30 ppm e uma taxa de emissão estimada de 915,62 kg/h. Em julho, as médias foram de 34 ppm, com picos quase atingindo 45 ppm, e a taxa de emissão estimada foi de 5.948,64 kg/h. Em novembro, as médias foram de 2,5 ppm, com picos de 6 a 7 ppm, com uma taxa de emissão de 1.837,08 kg/h. Considerando que fevereiro e novembro são meses quentes e julho é um mês frio, verificou-se que temperatura e parâmetros de vento influenciam nas concentrações dos poluentes, visto que no mês mais frio, as concentrações eram maiores, em razão da menor dispersão dos poluentes que nos meses quentes. Os métodos se complementam ao usar as concentrações analisadas in situ como referência para o modelo, criando uma metodologia para estimar taxas de emissões com o modelo, a partir das concentrações medidas in situ.
Preliminary study of greenhouse gases near to Santos and São Sebastião ports
2024 - ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; CORREA, THAIS; ANDRADE, THAIS; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M.; BRAGA, ELISABETE S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO
The carbon biogeochemical cycle in nature involves the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial and marine biota, and mineral reservoirs, with major fluxes between the atmosphere and both terrestrial biota and ocean waters. Studies link the increase of CO2 and CH4 (GHG) to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Coastal zones have a significant impact on the carbon cycle. This study examines GHG concentrations in estuary systems close to port zones, focusing on Santos and São Sebastião ports in São Paulo, Brazil. Santos Port, the largest in Latin America, and São Sebastião Port, with a petroleum terminal, can be significant contributors of GEE. A preliminary campaign measured CO2 and CH4 for 27 hours using a portable GHG analyzer on the research vessel Albacora from the University of São Paulo's Oceanographic Institute. Results showed promising GHG concentrations, with CO2 levels above 420 ppm near Santos and above 450 ppm near São Sebastião, for methane, the major concentration was ~3 ppm, but in short period of acquisitions, in the major part of traject the level was between ~1.8 - ~1.9 ppm.
Investigating methane emissions from Landfill in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo
2024 - SILVA, THAIS A. da; ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO
This research addresses the escalating global levels of atmospheric methane, emphasizing the critical need for understanding its sources and behavior. Landfills are identified as methane super emitters, because its rates range from 1,000 to 3,000 kg/h. Focusing on the Landfill in the district of São Mateus, in the city of São Paulo, the study aims to investigate the significance of landfills in the rising methane levels, emphasizing the impact of super emitters and methane hotspots. Field campaigns conducted on February 15th and April 06th, 2023, utilized a portable greenhouse gas analyzer (ABB) to measure methane concentrations. Meteorological parameters from ERA5 and the AERMOD Modeling System were used for a comprehensive analysis. The results highlight elevated methane concentrations around the Landfill, emphasizing its role as a significant methane super emitter. The study underscores the importance of such analyses in understanding the impact of landfills on atmospheric methane levels.
Evaluation of the potential for greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4) emissions in the southern São Paulo coastal region, Cananéia-Iguape system
2024 - ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; CORREA, THAIS; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M.; MARQUES, MARCIA T.; ANDRADE, THAIS; SOUTO-OLIVEIRA, CARLOS E.; BRAGA, ELISABETE S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO
The emissions of CH4 and CO2, the primary greenhouse gases, have a significant impact on radiative forcing. This study investigated these gases along the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine system on the southern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, which is a mangrove region characterized by low anthropogenic impact and a sparse population. As such, this area provides an ideal location for identifying natural emissions and background concentrations. The data for this study were collected using a portable gas analyzer (LGRICOSTM GLA131), known for its high sensitivity and precision in detecting gases, mounted on a research boat. The results obtained were promising for both gases. A small variability in CH4 concentrations was observed along the route, ranging from 1.84 ppm to 1.95 ppm, while CO2, showed greater variation in values obtained during routes, ranging from approximately 411 ppm to 575 ppm. This study underscores the importance of investigating areas with minimal environmental impact. Together with future analyses, this research should help improve Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventories in Brazil by providing valuable baseline data for comparisons with more impacted areas.
Measurement of greenhouses gases in the city of Sao Paulo
2021 - SILVA, THAIS A. da; OLIVEIRA, CARLOS E.S. de; CRUZ, DANILO D.; MEDEIROS, ILCA M.M.A.; MEDEIROS, JOSE A.G. de; OLIVEIRA, LUCAS P.; MARQUES, MARCIA T.A.; MEDEIROS, PEDRO A.; ANDRADE, MARIA F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO
The gases that most contribute to the greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). When those gases have been in the atmosphere for a long time, its effects become almost irreversible with the radiative forcing of years, until natural processes manage to remove the quantities already emitted. Methane is a radiative agent and happens significantly in the southern hemisphere. Methane is a major source of water vapor. When the concentration of water vapor in the stratosphere increases, it contributes to intensifying the greenhouse effect. The large part of carbon dioxide and methane absorbed by the ocean, atmosphere and biosphere, contributes to the global carbon cycle, bringing a stable carbon rate in the air. Forest fires are often responsible for releasing carbon dioxide and methane. It is important to consider the role of photosynthesis in the balance between anthropogenic process, climate change and air quality. Therefore, forest preservation and reforestation projects are fundamental against climate change. The main purpose of Metroclima Project is to assess the sources of greenhouse gases and short-lived pollutants in Sao Paulo and neighboring cities, in the Southeast of Brazil. Currently, the GHG measurement network has four stations (IAG Station, Pico do Jaragua, UNICID and ICESP) extended across the City of Sao Paulo, measuring carbon dioxide and methane concentrations continuously using Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments. In specific, the goal of this study is related to assessment of methane concentration variability and identification of potential sources near UNICID Station – an urban site; using the CRDS Picarro G2401 system. The data analysis acquired during 2020 and 2021 will be shown. Our results comprise a valuable contribution to the knowledge about methane concentrations in the city and guide public decision based on scientific evidence.