FABIO JULIANO DA SILVA LOPES
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Artigo IPEN-doc 30391 Analyzing the influence of the planetary boundary layer height, ventilation coefficient, thermal inversions, and aerosol optical Depth on the concentration of PM2.5 in the city of São Paulo2024 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; MARQUES, MARCIA T.A.; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOCases of intense air pollution have been a recurring problem in most of urban centers in different regions of the world. Although actions to mitigate pollutant emissions are fundamental, it is also necessary to understand which factors can favor their dispersion process. In this scenario, this paper presents, for the first time, a long-term analysis of the Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH), estimated through lidar and radiosounding data, Ventilation Coefficient (VC), Thermal Inversions (TI), and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), for the city of São Paulo, demonstrating how these variables are related with PM2.5 concentration. The analyzes showed that PBLH and VC have a seasonal cycle, with higher values in summer and lower ones in winter. Furthermore, PBLH is affected by one local factor, the sea-breeze, which reduces the concentration of aerosols in the late afternoon, resulting in an underestimated PBLH obtained from lidar data. Furthermore, from AERONET data, a predominance of Black Carbon and small particles was observed in all seasons, which are associated with the feedback effect observed in winter. Such effect attenuates the increase of PBLH and VC in cases of high concentrations of PM2.5. Finally, it was presented a Generalized Linear Model, which combines VC, AOD and TI information as input and can estimate the PM2.5 concentration with a R2 = 0.93.Artigo IPEN-doc 29945 Impact of extreme wildfires from the Brazilian Forests and sugarcane burning on the air quality of the biggest megacity on South America2023 - SOUTO-OLIVEIRA, CARLOS E.; MARQUES, MARCIA T.A.; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; LOPES, FABIO J.S.; MEDEIROS, JOSE A.G.; MEDEIROS, ILCA M.M.A.; MOREIRA, GREGORI A.; DIAS, PEDRO L. da S.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.Recently, extreme wildfires have damaged important ecosystems worldwide and have affected urban areas miles away due to long-range transport of smoke plumes. We performed a comprehensive analysis to clarify how smoke plumes from Pantanal and Amazon forests wildfires and sugarcane harvest burning also from interior of the state of São Paulo (ISSP) were transported and injected into the atmosphere of the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), where they worsened air quality and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) levels. To classify event days, multiple biomass burning fingerprints as carbon isotopes, Lidar ratio and specific compounds ratios were combined with back trajectories modeling. During smoke plume event days in the MASP fine particulate matter concentrations exceeded the WHO standard (>25 μg m−3 ), at 99 % of the air quality monitoring stations, and peak CO2 excess were 100 % to 1178 % higher than non-event days. We demonstrated how external pollution events such as wildfires pose an additional challenge for cities, regarding public health threats associated to air quality, and reinforces the importance of GHG monitoring networks to track local and remote GHG emissions and sources in urban areas.Artigo IPEN-doc 29870 Collaborative development of the Lidar Processing Pipeline (LPP) for retrievals of atmospheric aerosols and clouds2023 - PALLOTTA, JUAN V.; CARVALHO, SILVANIA A. de; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; CACHEFFO, ALEXANDRE; LANDULFO, EDUARDO; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M.J.Atmospheric lidars can simultaneously measure clouds and aerosols with high temporal and spatial resolution and hence help understand cloud–aerosol interactions, which are the source of major uncertainties in future climate projections. However, atmospheric lidars are typically custom-built, with significant differences between them. In this sense, lidar networks play a crucial role as they coordinate the efforts of different groups, provide guidelines for quality-assured routine measurements and opportunities for side-by-side instrument comparisons, and enforce algorithm validation, all aiming to homogenize the physical retrievals from heterogeneous instruments in a network. Here we provide a high-level overview of the Lidar Processing Pipeline (LPP), an ongoing, collaborative, and open-source coordinated effort in Latin America. The LPP is a collection of tools with the ultimate goal of handling all the steps of a typical analysis of lidar measurements. The modular and configurable framework is generic enough to be applicable to any lidar instrument. The first publicly released version of the LPP produces data files at levels 0 (raw and metadata), 1 (averaging and layer mask), and 2 (aerosol optical properties). We assess the performance of the LPP through quantitative and qualitative analyses of simulated and measured elastic lidar signals. For noiseless synthetic 532 nm elastic signals with a constant lidar ratio (LR), the root mean square error (RMSE) in aerosol extinction within the boundary layer is about 0.1 %. In contrast, retrievals of aerosol backscatter from noisy elastic signals with a variable LR have an RMSE of 11 %, mostly due to assuming a constant LR in the inversion. The application of the LPP for measurements in São Paulo, further constrained by co-located AERONET data, retrieved a lidar ratio of 69.9 ± 5.2 sr at 532 nm, in agreement with reported values for urban aerosols. Over the Amazon, analysis of a 6 km thick multi-layer cirrus found a cloud optical depth of about 0.46, also in agreement with previous studies. From this exercise, we identify the need for new features and discuss a roadmap to guide future development, accommodating the needs of our community.Artigo IPEN-doc 29836 Analyzing the influence of vehicular traffic on the concentration of pollutants in the city of São Paulo2023 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; CACHEFFO, ALEXANDRE; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; LOPES, FABIO JULIANO da S.; GOMES, ANTONIO A.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThis study employs surface and remote sensing data jointly with deep learning techniques to examine the influence of vehicular traffic in the seasonal patterns of CO, NO2 , PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations in the São Paulo municipality, as the period of physical distancing (March 2020 to December 2021), due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the resumption of activities, made it possible to observe significant variations in the flow of vehicles in the city of São Paulo. Firstly, an analysis of the planetary boundary layer height and ventilation coefficient was performed to identify the seasons’ patterns of pollution dispersion. Then, the variations (from 2018 to 2021) of the seasonal average values of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and thermal inversion occurrence/position were compared to identify possible variations in the patterns of such variables that would justify (or deny) the occurrence of more favorable conditions for pollutants dispersion. However, no significant variations were found. Finally, the seasonal average concentrations of the previously mentioned pollutants were compared from 2018 to 2021, and the daily concentrations observed during the pandemic period were compared with a model based on an artificial neural network. Regarding the concentration of pollutants, the primarily sourced from vehicular traffic (CO and NO2 ) exhibited substantial variations, demonstrating an inverse relationship with the rate of social distancing. In addition, the measured concentrations deviated from the predictive model during periods of significant social isolation. Conversely, pollutants that were not primarily linked to vehicular sources (PM2.5 and PM10) exhibited minimal variation from 2018 to 2021; thus, their measured concentration remained consistent with the prediction model.Artigo IPEN-doc 28866 First lidar campaign in the industrial sites of Volta Redonda-RJ and Lorena-SP, Brazil2022 - LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; CARVALHO, SILVANIA A.; CATALANI, FERNANDO; SILVA, JONATAN J. da; ALMEIDA, ROGERIO M. de; RIBEIRO, FABIO de J.; FELLOWS, CARLOS E.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO; MENEGATTI, CARLOS R.; PEIXOTO, CARLOS J.T.We report on the first aerosol profiling campaign in the Paraíba valley, a hub connecting the region between the two largest Brazilian metropolitan areas, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. São Paulo Sanitation Technology Company (CETESB) air quality and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) data show homogeneous behavior of the atmosphere throughout the region. A more detailed description of the particulate material in the local atmosphere, including its temporal dependence, can be obtained by using ground-based lidars. Measurements were carried out with a backscatter lidar system in two industrial cities, Volta Redonda and Lorena. The aerosol backscatter profiles present several peaks at different altitudes, indicating the presence of aerosol in several atmospheric layers. In addition, The Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) air-mass back-trajectories indicate a possible detection of long-range aerosol transported from biomass burning areas of South America. The present study emphasizes the importance of investigating and monitoring the emission of particulate matter at this important hub connection between two dense populated regions of Brazil.Artigo IPEN-doc 28813 Performance assessment of aerosol-lidar remote sensing skills to retrieve the time evolution of the urban boundary layer height in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo City, Brazil2022 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; OLIVEIRA, AMAURI P. de; SANCHEZ, MACIEL P.; CODATO, GEORGIA; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO; MARQUES FILHO, EDSON P.This paper investigates the performance of seven methods of retrieving the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) from lidar measurements carried out in the Metropolitan Region of S˜ao Paulo (MRSP) during two MCITY-BRAZIL field campaigns of 2013. The performance is objectively assessed considering as reference the PBLH retrieved from rawinsonde carried out every 3 h during these campaigns. The role of clouds and aerosol load in the performance of the seven methods is analysed considering three case study scenarios representative of typical atmospheric conditions in the MRSP: (a) winter clean atmosphere, (b) summer low clouds and aerosol multilayers, (c) summer sea-breeze intrusion. Corroborating the case study results, the objective analysis indicated that most of the lidar methods retrieved PBLH closer to the top of the entrainment zone than the mixed layer, contradicting their definition. During daytime, the Wavelet Covariance Transform Method performs better than all the other six methods. The Inflexion Point Method performed better to estimate the Residual Layer height during night-time. In average, the diurnal evolution of the PBLH and its local rate of change based on lidar and rawinsonde measurements are in agreement.Artigo IPEN-doc 28812 Assessing spatial variation of PBL height and aerosol layer aloft in São Paulo Megacity using simultaneously two lidar during winter 20192022 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; OLIVEIRA, AMAURI P. de; CODATO, GEORGIA; SANCHEZ, MACIEL P.; TITO, JANET V.; SILVA, LEONARDO A.H. e; SILVEIRA, LUCAS C. da; SILVA, JONATAN J. da; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThis work presents the use of two elastic lidar systems to assess the horizontal variation of the PBL height (PBLH) and aerosol layer aloft in the São Paulo Megacity. These two lidars performed simultaneous measurements 10.7 km apart in a highly urbanized and relatively flat area of São Paulo for two winter months of 2019. The results showed that the PBLH differences display diurnal variation that depends on the PBL during daytime growth phases. Cloud and sea breeze effects control most of PBLH variation. In the absence of cloud and sea breeze, the maximum difference (~300 m) occurs in the rapid development stage and is due to topographic effects. When the PBL approaches its maximum daily value, it tends to level off with respect to the topography. In addition, it was presented a method that combines elastic lidar (to detect an aerosol layer) and satellite data (to classify such a layer from Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Aerosol Index (AI) information) for the detection of biomass burning events. This methodology demonstrated that the variations caused by Biomass Burning in AOD and AI enable both the detection of aerosol plumes originating from biomass burning and the identification of their origin.Artigo IPEN-doc 27830 COVID-19 outbreak and air quality2021 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; CACHEFFO, ALEXANDRE; YOSHIDA, ALEXANDRE C.; GOMES, ANTONIO A.; SILVA, JONATAN J. da; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThis work compares variations in the concentrations and air quality indexes of the pollutants PM10, PM2.5, CO, and NO2, during the COVID-19 outbreak in São Paulo Municipality. Such comparisons considered the period of physical distancing (autumn) and the three first months of economic activities’ resumption (winter). The concentrations and indexes observed in 2020 were compared with their correspondent values measured in the three preceding years. Also, from a supervised machine learning algorithm, the correspondent 2020 expected values were predicted and used in these comparisons. In order to analyze the influence of meteorological conditions, the seasons studied were characterized using remote sensing and surface data. The pollutants predominantly emitted by the vehicle fleet (CO and NO2) had reductions in their concentrations, with values always below the predictions and good air quality indexes. However, the pollutants whose concentration is less dependent on automotive emissions (PM10 and PM2.5) had high proximity to the predictions during the autumn and lower values during some periods in winter. This reduction was not enough to avoid days with a moderate air quality index. The approximation of the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and CO to the prediction, from the second-half August 2020, indicates the influence of activities’ resumption in air quality.Artigo IPEN-doc 27755 Influence of a biomass-burning event in PM2.5 concentration and air quality2021 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; CACHEFFO, ALEXANDRE; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; YOSHIDA, ALEXANDRE C.; GOMES, ANTONIO A.; SILVA, JONATAN J. da; LANDULFO, EDUARDOSevere biomass burning (BB) events have become increasingly common in South America in the last few years, mainly due to the high number of wildfires observed recently. Such incidents can negatively influence the air quality index associated with PM2.5 (particulate matter, which is harmful to human health). A study performed in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) took place on selected days of July 2019, evaluated the influence of a BB event on air quality. Use of combined remote sensing, a surface monitoring system and data modeling and enabled detection of the BB plume arrival (light detection and ranging (lidar) ratio of (50 ± 34) sr at 532 nm, and (72 ± 45) sr at 355 nm) and how it affected the Ångström exponent (>1.3), atmospheric optical depth (>0.7), PM2.5 concentrations (>25 µg.m−3), and air quality classification. The utilization of high-order statistical moments, obtained from elastic lidar, provided a new way to observe the entrainment process, allowing understanding of how a decoupled aerosol layer influences the local urban area. This new novel approach enables a lidar system to obtain the same results as a more complex set of instruments and verify how BB events contribute from air masses aloft towards near ground ones.Artigo IPEN-doc 27744 Evaluation of atmospheric aerosols in the metropolitan area of São Paulo simulated by the regional EURAD-IM model on high-resolution2021 - DUARTE, EDICLE de S.F.; FRANKE, PHILIPP; LANGE, ANNE C.; FRIESE, ELMAR; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; SILVA, JONATAN J. da; REIS, JEAN S. dos; LANDULFO, EDUARDO; SILVA, CLAUDIO M.S. e; ELBERN, HENDRIK; HOELZEMANN, JUDITH J.We present a high-resolution air quality study over São Paulo, Brazil with the EURopean Air Pollution Dispersion - Inverse Model (EURAD-IM) used for the first time over South America simulating detailed features of aerosols. Modeled data are evaluated with observational surface data and a Lidar. Two case studies in 2016 with distinct meteorological conditions and pollution plume features show transport (i) from central South America, associated to biomass burning activities, (ii) from the rural part of the state of São Paulo, (iii) between the metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (MASP) either through the Paraíba Valley or via the ocean, connecting Brazil's two largest cities, (iv) from the port-city Santos to MASP and also from MASP to the city Campinas, and vice versa. A Pearson coefficient of 0.7 was found for PM10 at MASP CENTER and EURAD-IM simulations vary within the observational standard deviation, with a Mean Percentual Error (MPE) of 10%. The model's vertical distributions of aerosol layers agree with the Lidar profiles that show either characteristics of long-range transported biomass burning plumes, or of local pollution. The distinct transport patterns that agree with satellite Aerosol Optical Death and fire spot images as well as with the ground-based observations within the standard deviations, allows us exploring patterns of air pollution in a detailed manner and to understand the complex interactions between local to long-range transport sources.