STEPHANE PALMA CRISPIM
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Resumo IPEN-doc 24963 Invited Keynote: Inter-annual variation of Amazon greenhouse balances 2010- 20142017 - GATTI, LUCIANA V.; GLOOR, MANUEL; MILLER, JOHN B.; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G.; SILVA, MARCELO G.; ARAGAO, LUIZ E.O.C.; MARANI, LUCIANO; CORREIA, CAIO C.S.; PETERS, WOUTER; BORGES, VIVIANE F.; IPIA, ALBER H.S.; BASSO, LUANA S.; ANDERSON, LIANA O.; ALDEN, CAROLINE B.; VAN DER LAAN-LUIJKX, INGRID; BARICHIVICH, JONATHAN; SANTOS, RICARDO S.; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; COSTA, WELLISSON R.; ROSAN, THAIS M.Net carbon exchange between tropical land and the atmosphere is potentially important because the vast amounts of carbon in forests and soils can be released on short time-scales e.g. via deforestation or changes in temperature and moisture. Such changes may thus cause feedbacks on global climate, as have been predicted in earth system models. In the tropics, the Amazon is most significant in the global carbon cycle, hosting by far the largest carbon vegetation and soil carbon pools (~200 PgC). Because of the very large precipitation amounts, approximately 20-25% of its area is seasonally flooded and thus it is also an important region for methane emissions. From 2010 onwards we have extended an earlier greenhouse gas measurement program to include regular vertical profiles of CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, SF6, from the ground up to 4.5 km height at four sites along the main air-stream over the Amazon Basin. Our measurements demonstrate that surface flux signals are primarily concentrated to the lower 2 km and thus vertical profile measurements are ideally suited to estimate greenhouse gas balances. Clearly a higher measurement density is desirable. We are in the process of expanding the number of surface and airborne sampling sites as well as the number of trace gases measured. Nonetheless, because of the homogeneity of the vegetation (forests) and the coherent east to west trade-winds over the Basin, these data already permit a range of insights about the magnitude, seasonality, inter-annual variation of carbon fluxes and their controls. Most recent years have been anomalously hot with the southern part of the Basin having warmed the most. Precipitation regimes also seem to have shifted with an increase in extreme floods. Approximately 20 percent of Amazon forests have been deforested by now and development pressure on forests continues. For the specific period we will discuss the year 2010 was anomalously dry, followed by 4 years wet (2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014) and another dry year (2015/16 -El Nino year). This period provides an interesting contrast of climatic conditions in a warming world with increasing human pressures. We will analyze the effect of this climate variability on annual and seasonal carbon balances for these five years using our atmospheric data. We will estimate fluxes using a simple, but powerful back-trajectory based atmospheric mass balance approach. Our data permit us not only to estimate net CO2 and CH4 fluxes, but using carbon monoxide we estimate carbon release via fires and thus the net carbon balance of the unburned land vegetation. We will relate fire emissions to controls of land vegetation functioning and independent diagnostics like fire counts. We will also discuss what our results suggest for the role of the tropics of the global carbon balance.Resumo IPEN-doc 24442 Amazon basin and brazilian coast SF6 study in a 15 years time series2017 - SANTOS, R.S.; GATTI, L.V.; DOMINGUES, L.G.; CORREIA, C.S.C.; AQUINO, A.R.; BASSO, L.S.; BORGES, V.F.; COSTA, W.R.; CRISPIM, S.P.; MARANI, L.; GLOOR, E.U.; MILLER, J.B.; PETERS, W.The sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is known as a potent Long Lived Greenhouse Gases and it is a synthetic gas with a millennia lifetime, about 3200 years, and has a Global Warm Potential 23000 time higher than the Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Levin et al. (2010)1 showed that SF6 emissions decreased after 1995, most likely because of emissions reductions in developed countries, but then increased after 1998. It is produced by the chemical industry, mainly as an electrical insulator in power distribution equipment2. Due its very long lifetime, SF6 emissions are accumulating in the atmosphere. Its global mole fraction increased nearly linearly in recent decades and in 2014 is about twice the level observed in the mid-1990s3. Its concentration was 4.2 parts per trillion (ppt) in 1998 (TAR) and has continued to increase linearly over the past decade, implying that emissions are approximately constant. Because of these characteristics, the SF6 has been as an essentially inert tracer to study atmospheric and oceanic transport processes3. The Amazon Basin is an ecosystem that has a growing interest by researchers around the world because of its role at the Climate Change. The emissions of SF6 in the Amazon Basin are considered non existents and, a time series of 15 years has the potential to show the behaviour of this gas in a large area. Until now, our mainly interest in SF6 concentrations is to use this gas as a transport tracer to calculate the BKG to Amazon and determinate the CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes over the Amazon Basin. SF6 atmospheric measurements were started with vertical profiles using small aircrafts, since 2000 in Santarém (SAN; 2.86ºS; 54.95ºW), 2009 in Rio Branco (RBA; 9.38ºS, 67.62ºW), 2010 in Alta Floresta (ALF; 8.80ºS, 56.75ºW)and Tabatinga (TAB; 5.96ºS, 70.06ºW), all these sites located in Brazilian Amazon Basin. Since 2010, we started flasks measurements at two sites located at the Brazilian Atlantic coast: in Salinópolis (SAL; 0.60°S, 47.37°W) and in Natal (NAT; 5.48°S, 35.26°W) and later in 2014 at Camocim (CAM; 2.86°S, 40.08°W) and in 2016 at Itarema in a 100m tower (ITA; 2.93°S, 39.84°W). This work will present analyse of 15 years SF6 measurements at the Amazon Basin and Brazilian coast show the trends, comparing the years and the behaviour among the sites regions which is expect to change mainly by the differences of the air masses origin.Resumo IPEN-doc 24434 Carbon monoxide measurements as a biomass burning tracer at the amazon basin2017 - DOMINGUES, L.G.; GATTI, L.V.; GLOOR, M.; MILLER, J.; AQUINO, A.R.; MARANI, L.; CORREA, C.S.C.; BORGES, V.F.; SANTOS, R.S.; CRISPIM, S.P.; SANCHES, A.; COSTA, W.R. daThe tropical rainforests have an amount of carbon stored into its plants and soil comparable to half of the amount of atmospheric carbon contained at the atmosphere before the start of industrialization at the 18th century. Among the tropical regions, the Amazon forest covers the largest area and also hosts the largest carbon pool (~200 PgC), corresponding for 50% of its biome globally (1) . Considering the capability of rapid release and the amount of storage carbon, there are surprisingly few studies of emission ratios (2) and, in order to elucidate the actual contribution and the carbon emission from biomass burning in the Amazon Basin, measurements of carbon monoxide are an important tool. We will report results of a pan-Amazon low troposphere program used small airplanes, in 7 study sites from 2000 to 2016. The aircraft measurement program was started in 2000 with monthly/biweekly vertical profile sampling at SAN (2.86S 54.95W). From December 2004 to December 2007 we performed vertical profiles at MAN (Dec 2004 / Dec 2007). In 2010, a new step in our program was started. We added three more aircraft sites: TAB (5.96S 70.06W), RBA (9.38S 67.62W) and ALF (8.80S 56.75W). In 2013 TAB site was moved to TEF (3.39S 65.6W) and we add two more aircraft sites with vertical profiles from 300m to 7300 m, at Salinópolis (SAH 0.60S; 47,37W) near the Atlantic coast and RBH at the same place then RBA, in the western Amazon. The Amazon Basin biomass burning carbon emissions have been determined by applying a mass balance technique to carbon monoxide (CO) measured from vertical profiles in sites over the Amazon Basin, which is compared with carbon dioxide (CO2) emission when it is a clear biomass-burning plume in the vertical profile (3). We will present these CO results that is related to biomass burning and compare the carbon monoxide emissions with those from carbon dioxide, resulting in a ratio of carbon biomass burning emission which we will analyse with respect to climate, deforestation and number of fire hot spots.