S-Bend and Y waveguide architectures in germanate glasses irradiated by femtosecond laser
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This study is focused on the fabrication and characterization of various dual waveguides through femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation of GeO2-based glass samples. The objective of the present work is to develop diverse waveguide configurations, namely straight, S-bend and Y-shaped waveguides within GeO2–PbO glasses embedded with silver nanoparticles, utilizing a double-guide platform, for photonic applications such as resonant rings and beam splitters. Enhanced guidance was observed with a larger radius of curvature (80 mm) among the two distinct S-bend waveguides produced. The maximum relative propagation loss was recorded for the S-bend waveguide with a 40 mm radius, while the minimum loss was noted for the Y-shaped waveguide. In the latter configuration, with an opening angle of 5° and a separation of 300 µm between the two arms, an output power ratio of 50.5/49.5 between the left and right arms indicated promising potential for beam splitter applications. During the study, the quality factor (M2) of the proposed architectures was measured and the 80 mm S-bend configuration presented the best symmetry between the x and y axes; in the case of the Y configuration the similarity between the M2 values in both axes, for the first and second arms, indicates comparable light guidance.
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FERNANDES, THIAGO V.; BORDON, CAMILA D. da S.; WETTER, NIKLAUS U.; ROSSI, WAGNER de; KASSAB, LUCIANA R.P. S-Bend and Y waveguide architectures in germanate glasses irradiated by femtosecond laser. Micromachines, v. 16, n. 2, p. 1-14, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/mi16020171. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ipen.br/handle/123456789/49683. Acesso em: 29 Apr 2026.
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