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URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ipen.br/handle/123456789/3977

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Performance of cutting-tool patterns textured via ultrashort laser pulses in the turning of martensitic stainless steel under dry and lubricated conditions
2024 - SANTANA, TATIANA D.; ROSSI, WAGNER de; BARBOSA, PATRICIA A.; BERTOLETE, MARCELO
The pulse length for ultrashort pulse lasers is considered shorter than the thermal vibration period of the material lattice. The thermal diffusion depth is negligible when compared with the optical penetration depth because laser-matter interaction occurs only near the focal volume. Hence, ultrashort pulse lasers are indicated for micromachining. This study aims to evaluate straight and zig-zag texture patterns generated by ultrashort laser pulses on the rake face of uncoated cemented carbide tools during the turning of martensitic stainless steel. The tests were performed under dry and lubricated conditions. The output variables were machining force, cutting power, chip thickness ratio and aspects of workpiece quality (form tolerance and surface roughness). The textures presented micrometric dimensions with a narrow deviation. The main results showed that the straight texture pattern decreased the machining force by 17.5% when compared to the zig-zag pattern. For cutting power, the straight pattern reduced consumption by 5.8% and 6.9% in relation to the reference and zig-zag tools, respectively. Finally, under dry machining conditions, the straight tool was able to decrease the workpiece cylindricity deviation by an average of 108% and 25% compared to the reference and zig-zag tools. The results provide evidence that texturing can affect the tribological system, chip-tool interface, with a potential impact on the sustainability of the process.
A rare case of pulmonary artery trunk aneurysm
2025 - FERREIRA, HORTENCIA de J.; BORGES, JULIANA A.F.; ANDRADE, NATALIA S.G.S. de; CASTRO, JOSE T. de; REIS, FABIANO; SOUZA, CARLA D. de
Background: Pulmonary artery trunk aneurysm (PATA) is a rare and complex vascular anomaly characterized by the abnormal dilation of the initial portion of the pulmonary artery, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Purpose: This clinical case report aims to describe the follow-up of a patient with PATA, emphasizing the role of imaging in diagnosis and monitoring, as well as discussing potential associations with other conditions. Research Design: The study is designed as a clinical case report, detailing the longitudinal follow-up of a single patient with PATA. Study Sample: The subject of this study is a 48-year-old female patient with a history of idiopathic hypertension who developed a PATA. Data Collection and/or Analysis: Since 2010, the patient underwent various imaging exams, including echocardiography, computed tomography, and catheter angiography, to detect and evaluate the aneurysm at different stages. Results: The imaging results indicated a progression of the aneurysm over time, underscoring the importance of imaging in the early identification and monitoring of PATA. The report also explores the possible association of PATA with conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, Behçet’s disease, and Hughes-Stovin syndrome, highlighting the diagnostic complexity. Conclusions: Imaging diagnosis is crucial for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of PATA, providing essential information for selecting appropriate treatment options and achieving a satisfactory prognosis. An individualized treatment approach, considering both medical and surgical options, is necessary based on the clinical characteristics of each patient.
Advances in silver nanoparticles
2024 - RODRIGUES, ADRIANA S.; BATISTA, JORGE G.S.; RODRIGUES, MURILO A.V.; THIPE, VELAPHI C.; MINARINI, LUCIENE A.R.; LOPES, PATRICIA S.; LUGAO, ADEMAR B.
Nanoparticles play a crucial role in the field of nanotechnology, offering different properties due to their surface area attributed to their small size. Among them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted significant attention due to their antimicrobial properties, with applications that date back from ancient medicinal practices to contemporary commercial products containing ions or silver nanoparticles. AgNPs possess broad-spectrum biocidal potential against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and Mycobacterium, in addition to exhibiting synergistic effects when combined with certain antibiotics. The mechanisms underlying its antimicrobial action include the generation of oxygen-reactive species, damage to DNA, rupture of bacterial cell membranes and inhibition of protein synthesis. Recent studies have highlighted the effectiveness of AgNPs against various clinically relevant bacterial strains through their potential to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This review investigates the proteomic mechanisms by which AgNPs exert their antimicrobial effects, with a special focus on their activity against planktonic bacteria and in biofilms. Furthermore, it discusses the biomedical applications of AgNPs and their potential non-preparation of antibiotic formulations, also addressing the issue of resistance to antibiotics.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue and its derivatives in animal studies
2024 - CARDOZO, ANA P.M.; SILVA, DANIELA de F.T. da; FERNANDES, KRISTIANNE P.S.; FERREIRA, RITA de C.; LINO-DOS-SANTOS-FRANCO, ADRIANA; RODRIGUES, MARIA F.S.D.; MOTTA, LARA J.; CECATTO, REBECA B.
Background: Infections are complications in the wound healing process, and their treatment can lead to antibiotic overuse and bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is used to treat infectious diseases caused by fungi, viruses, or bacteria. Methylene blue (MB) and its derivatives are commonly used dyes in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT–MB). Methods: This study is a PRISMA systematic review of animal models used to discuss the usefulness and therapeutic parameters of aPDT–MB or its derivatives for treating infected skin wounds. Results: After an extensive literature review, 13 controlled trials totaling 261 animals were selected to evaluate skin infection by leishmaniasis and cutaneous bacterial and fungal infections. All studies found results favoring the use of aPDT–MB. Great variability in parameters was found for radiant exposure from 12 to 360 J/cm2, MB diluted in saline solution or distilled water, irradiation time from 40 to 3600 s, irradiance most commonly at a maximum of 100 mW/cm2, and wavelength used mainly in the 630–670 nm range. Conclusion: MB is a safe and promising agent used as a photosensitizer in aPDT for skin-infected lesions. There is great variability in the parameters found. Comparisons concerning concentration, irradiation time, and light intensity need to be performed.
Highlight selection of radiochemistry and radiopharmacy developments by editorial board
2024 - SCOTT, PETER JH.; PENUELAS, IVAN; REY, ANA; AIME, SILVIO; AMBIKALMAJAN, PILLAI M.R.; ANTUNES, INES F.; CLEEREN, FREDERIK; LIU, ZHAOFEI; ELLIS, BEVERLEY; KAHTS, MARYKE; EKOUME, FANY P.; CHAPLE, IVIS F.; BERNARDES, EMERSON; BEHE, MARTIN; HUANG, YA-YAO; MIKOLAJCZAK, RENATA; FURUMOTO, SHOZO; ELREFAEI, AMAL; KOPKA, KLAUS
Background: The Editorial Board of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry releases a biannual highlight commentary to update the readership on trends in the field of radiopharmaceutical development. Main body: This selection of highlights provides commentary on 19 different topics selected by each coauthoring Editorial Board member addressing a variety of aspects ranging from novel radiochemistry to first-in-human application of novel radiopharmaceuticals. Conclusion: Trends in radiochemistry and radiopharmacy are highlighted. Hot topics cover the entire scope of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, demonstrating the progress in the research field in many aspects.
High-performance plasmonics nanostructures in gas sensing
2025 - FAROOQ, SAJID; BERECZKI, ALLAN; HABIB, MUHAMMAD; COSTA, ISOLDA; CARDOZO, OLAVO
Plasmonic nanostructures have emerged as indispensable components in the construction of high-performance gas sensors, playing a pivotal role across diverse applications, including industrial safety, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. This review paper critically examines seminal research that underscores the remarkable efficacy of plasmonic materials in achieving superior attributes such as heightened sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response times in gas detection. Offering a synthesis of pivotal studies, this review aims to furnish a comprehensive discourse on the contemporary advancements within the burgeoning domain of plasmonic gas sensing. The featured investigations meticulously scrutinize various plasmonic structures and their applications in detecting gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide. The discussed frameworks encompass cutting-edge approaches, spanning ideal absorbers, surface plasmon resonance sensors, and nanostructured materials, thereby elucidating the diverse strategies employed for advancing plasmonic gas sensing technologies.
Revisiting the concept of squareness of engineering magnetic RE-Fe-B materials hysteresis curves
2024 - PERIGO, E.A.; FIM, R.G.T.; FARIA, R.N.
The hysteresis loop shape has been a topic of interest within the area of engineering magnetic materials ranging from nano to macro scales. The literature related to its terminology, quantification propositions, significance, and relationships among proposed methods is initially revisited, clarifying potential misconceptions and illustrating its relevance in the hard-magnetic materials area. Next, relationships of the shape of the second quadrant of permanent magnets related to crystallographic alignment, microstructural features/temperature, and chemical composition/processing are discussed focusing on rare-earth-based compounds.
Antiproliferative potential of Plinia edulis leaves
2024 - ISHIKAWA, TATI; YAMAGUCHI, LYDIA F.; BARROS, SILVIA B. de M.; RODAS, ANDREA C.D.; HIGA, OLGA Z.; RUIZ, ANA L.T.G.; VARANDA, ELIANA A.; KATO, EDNA T.M.
Plinia edulis, popularly known as ‘cambucá’, is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat several conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of cambucá leaf extract, as well as its antioxidant activity. The ‘Ames’ test and Orac assay were used to evaluate the mutagenicity and antioxidant activity, respectively, and the phytochemical analysis of the ethanol leaf extract (LE) was performed by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity was tested on CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells and on nine human tumor cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of LE has revealed the presence of triterpenes and flavonoids. The LE did not show mutagenicity at the concentration of 20 mg plate-1 and exhibited high antioxidant activity, with Orac value of 3948 µmol TE g-1. The LE and its fractions (ethyl acetate; methanol) showed antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines and proliferative activity in normal cells. The ethyl acetate fraction was the most active extract, presenting antiproliferative activity against strains of breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, melanoma and leukemia (GI50 0.01-8.57 µg mL-1), being more effective than the reference drug (doxorubicin) against human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line. These results suggest P. edulis as a potential adjuvant in cancer therapy and chemoprevention.
SrAl2O4: Ce:
2024 - VALENCIA-LOPEZ, JOSE G.; CANO, NILO F.; LOPEZ-FLORES, BETZABETH J.; AYALA-ARENAS, JORGE S.; SILVA-CARRERA, BETZABEL N.; MOSQUEIRA-YAURI, JESSICA
Strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4) doped with different Ce concentrations was synthesized by the solid-state reaction method to find the best thermoluminescent response. The crystal structure of the material has been analyzed by Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The effects of different dopant concentrations and thermal annealing regimes on TL sensitivity and the optimum conditions for producing dosimeters with superior sensitivity to commercial dosimeters were investigated. It has been shown that the maximum TL sensitivity is obtained at a concentration of 0.3 mol% Ce and a heat treatment at 1000 °C for 2 h. The TL glow curve of Ce-doped strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4) pellets shows three TL peaks at 90, 150, and 250 °C. The dosimetric characteristics of the new material examined in this work are linear response in the dose range with applications in personal and environmental dosimetry; TL sensitivity; minimum detection dose; reproducibility; energy dependence; and TL signal fading. Based on the results obtained, the synthesized material is a dosimeter with a sensitivity 2.44 times higher than the commercial dosimeter TLD-100 (LiF:Ti,Mg).
Using TiO2-Biocharcoal and TiO2-Diatomite for photodisinfection in washing machine wastewater
2024 - FERRO, DAPHNE M.; KOTANI, PALOMA O.; AFFONSO, REGINA; ORTIZ, NILCE
The photodisinfection process using biomolded semiconductor photocatalysts can inactivate bacteria in wastewater washing machine samples. The comparative study evaluated the photocatalyst material titanium dioxide (TiO2) synthesized with diatomite and biocharcoal biotemplate (TiO2-Biocharcoal and TiO2-Diatomite) in photodisinfection processes using domestic washing machine wastewater samples, the results of bacterial inactivation were above 96%. The efficiency of the photodisinfection process was evaluated by counting the number of colonies of the bacteria. Experiments under LED solar lamps presented similar bacterial inactivation, and a correlation with kinetic models. The kinetic study demonstrated a curved regression, indicating a better fit with the Hom model. A tail at the end of the modeling curve indicates the presence of a high concentration of inactive bacteria in the medium, while a shoulder at the beginning of the curve suggests a heterogeneous sample with a high concentration of gram-positive bacteria. The toxicity tests performed with wastewater samples without light exposure indicated low toxicity for both materials. The study presented promising disinfection results for an accessible and efficient photo-sterilization process of water contaminated with bacteria using abundant solar and renewable energy throughout the national territory.
Analysis of the tragedy of Vila Socó in Cubatão (São Paulo, Brazil) using the Haddon Matrix
2024 - SANTOS, RUBENS M.; ORTIZ, NILCE; GUILHEN, SABINE N.
The tragedy of Vila Socó epitomizes the socio-environmental repercussions of rapid industrialization in Cubatão. Beginning in the 1940s with the construction of the Anchieta highway, the city experienced an influx of migrants drawn by burgeoning industries, leading to unplanned urban growth and the emergence of vulnerable communities like Vila Socó. This article examines the interconnected factors—such as demographic shifts, inadequate planning, and regulatory oversight—that culminated in the devastating fire of 1984, claiming numerous lives and highlighting systemic failures. Utilizing the Haddon Matrix, this study dissects the Vila Socó incident, emphasizing the roles of human error, infrastructure integrity, and socio-economic disparities in disaster causation. By contextualizing the tragedy within Cubatão’s industrial trajectory, it underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessment and proactive mitigation strategies in rapidly developing regions globally. Beyond its immediate focus, this work offers broader insights into the dynamics of industrial disasters and their socio-economic implications. As pipelines continue to play a vital role in global energy infrastructure, the lessons drawn from Vila Socó’s tragedy resonate deeply, emphasizing the imperative of robust safety protocols and accountable governance to prevent similar catastrophes in the future.
Uranium nitride and silicide composite fuels used to reduce fuel oxidation
2024 - GOMES, DANIEL de S.
In the 1960s, the space nuclear program for developing reactor propulsion designs led to uranium mononitride (UN) exploration as a fuel. Since then, the UN has gained traction because of its superior thermal conductivity and uranium density compared to standard UO2. Reactors using sodium and lead as liquid coolants have a. long history with UN fuel. More recently, a combination of uranium UN and uranium silicide (U3Si2) has emerged as a promising fuel option for power units. This composite fuel offers enhanced tolerance and resilience. However, several silicide compounds exist, such as USi, USi2, USi3, U3Si, U3Si2, and U3Si5. Instead, they use nitride-silicide composites, such as UN-U3Si5. The UN-U3Si5 fuel, which features a secondary fissile phase with an elevated uranium density, has garnered significant interest. In this study, we compare the performance of UN-U3Si2 and UN-U3Si5 using Kanthal APMT as cladding.
Assessment of the UO2-graphene composite fuel proposed for nuclear reactors
2023 - GOMES, DANIEL de S.
Analysis of chromium oxide doped pellet for LWRs using FRAPCON code
2023 - GOMES, DANIEL de S.
Advanced nuclear fuels based on thorium mixed oxides
2023 - GOMES, DANIEL de S.
Experimental toothpastes containing β-TCP nanoparticles functionalized with fluoride and tin to prevent Erosive Tooth Wear
2024 - WEISS, GUILHERME S.; SILVA, FLAVIA R.O.; GARCIA, RAISSA M.; SAKAE, LETICIA O.; VIANA, ITALLO E.L.; HARA, ANDERSON H.; LIMA, LEONARDO C.; SCARAMUCCI, TAIS
Objectives: The present study aimed to synthesize toothpastes containing Beta- TriCalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) nanoparticles, functionalized with fluoride and tin, and test their ability to reduce erosive tooth wear (ETW). Methods: Toothpastes were synthesized with the following active ingredients: 1100 ppm of fluoride (as sodium fluoride, F−), 3500 ppm of tin (as stannous chloride, Sn2+), and 800 ppm of β-TCP (Sizes a – 20 nm; and b – 100 nm). Enamel specimens were randomly assigned into the following groups (n = 10): 1. Commercial toothpaste; 2. Placebo; 3 F−; 4. F− + β-TCPa; 5. F− + β-TCPb; 6. F− + Sn2+; 7. F− + Sn2+ + β-TCPa and 8. F− + Sn2+ + β-TCPb. Specimens were subjected to erosion-abrasion cycling. Surface loss (in µm) was measured by optical profilometry. Toothpastes pH and available F− were also assessed. Results: Brushing with placebo toothpaste resulted in higher surface loss than brushing with F− (p = 0.005) and F− + β-TCPb (p = 0.007); however, there was no difference between F− and F− + β-TCPb (p = 1.00). Commercial toothpaste showed no difference from Placebo (p = 0.279). The groups F−, F− + β-TCPa, F− + β-TCPb, F− + Sn2+, F− + Sn2+ + β-TCPa and F− + Sn2+ + β-TCPb were not different from the commercial toothpaste (p > 0.05). Overall, the addition of β-TCP reduced the amount of available fluoride in the experimental toothpastes. The pH of toothpastes ranged from 4.97 to 6.49. Conclusions: Although toothpaste containing β-TCP nanoparticles protected enamel against dental erosion-abrasion, this effect was not superior to the standard fluoride toothpaste (commercial). In addition, the functionalization of β-TCP nanoparticles with fluoride and tin did not enhance their protective effect. Clinical Significance: Although β-TCP nanoparticles have some potential to control Erosive Tooth Wear, their incorporation into an experimental toothpaste appears to have a protective effect that is similar to a commercial fluoride toothpaste.
Deeper-band electron contributions to stopping power of silicon for low-energy ions
2024 - MATIAS, F.; GRANDE, P.L.; KOVAL, N.E.; SHORTO, J.M.B.; SILVA, T.F.; ARISTA, N.R.
This study provides accurate results for the electronic stopping cross sections of H, He, N, and Ne in silicon in low to intermediate energy ranges using various non-perturbative theoretical methods, including real-time time-dependent density functional theory, transport cross section, and induced-density approach. Recent experimental findings [Ntemou et al., Phys. Rev. B 107, 155145 (2023)] revealed discrepancies between the estimates of density functional theory and the observed values. We show that these discrepancies vanish by considering the nonuniform electron density of the deeper silicon bands for ion velocities approaching zero (v → 0). This indicates that mechanisms such as “elevator” and “promotion,” which can dynamically excite deeper-band electrons, are active, enabling a localized free-electron gas to emulate ion energy loss, as pointed out by Lim et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 043201 (2016)]. The observation and the description of a velocity-proportionality breakdown in electronic stopping cross sections at very low velocities are considered to be a signature of the contributions of deeper-band electrons.
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy imaging of bone repair in mandibular laser-osteotomy
2024 - BENETTI, CAROLINA; BLAY, ALBERTO; CORREA, LUCIANA; VERLANGIERI, MARCO A.; SANTOS, MOISES O. dos; KAZARIAN, SERGEI G.; ZEZELL, DENISE M.
The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in the characterization of bone repair in mandibular osteotomy using erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser and multilaminate drill on each side. Two mandible bone fragments were removed from 30 rabbits, and the process of bone repair was studied immediately, 3, 7, 15, 21, and 28 days after the surgery. The histological analysis allowed detecting differences in the early stages of tissue repair after bone cutting performed with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser or multilaminate drill. The ATR-FTIR spectroscopy technique was sensitive to changes in the organic content of bone tissue repair process.
Comparison of biofilm models for producing artificial active white spot lesions
2024 - ARAUJO, ERIKA M. dos S.; VIDAL, CRISTINA de M.P.; ZHU, MIN; BANAS, JEFFREY A.; FREITAS, ANDERSON Z. de; WETTER, NIKLAUS U.; MATOS, ADRIANA B.
Creating artificial caries-like lesions that mimic the complex changes observed in natural caries is essential for properly evaluating new strategies, dental materials, and devices designed to arrest their progression and avoid more costly and invasive treatments. Objective: This study compared three protocols for developing artificial white spot lesions (WSL) using biofilmmodels. Methodology: In total, 45 human enamel specimens were sterilized and allocated into three groups based on the biofilm model: Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei (Ss+Lc), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss), or Streptococcus mutans (Sm). Specimens were incubated in filter-sterilized human saliva to form the acquired pellicle and then subjected to the biofilm challenge consisting of three days of incubation with bacteria (for demineralization) and one day of remineralization, which was performed once for Ss+Lc (four days total), four times for Ss (16 days total), and three times for Sm (12 days total). After WSL creation, the lesion fluorescence, depth, and chemical composition were assessed using Quantitative Lightinduced Fluorescence (QLF), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), and Raman Spectroscopy, respectively. Statistical analysis consisted of two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (α=0.05). WSL created using the Ss+Lcprotocol presented statistically significant higher fluorescence loss (ΔF) and integrated fluorescence (ΔQ) in comparison to the other two protocols(p<0.001). Results: In addition, Ss+Lc resulted in significantly deeper WSL (137.5 μm), followed by Ss (84.1 μm) and Sm (54.9 μm) (p<0.001). While high mineral content was observed in sound enamel surrounding the WSL, lesions created with the Ss+Lc protocol showed the highest demineralization level and changes in the mineral content among the three protocols. Conclusion: The biofilm model using S. sobrinus and L. casei for four days was the most appropriate and simplified protocol for developing artificial active WSL with lower fluorescence, higher demineralization, and greater depth.
Luminescence under UV(A, B and C) and sunlight exposure of tetrakis Tb3+ carboxylate complexes doped in different polymers
2024 - ASSUNCAO, ISRAEL P.; BLOIS, LUCCA; CAULI, FLORA P.; FELINTO, MARIA C.F.C.; MALTA, OSCAR L.; BRITO, HERMI F.
New tetrakis Lanthanide(III) carboxylate-based complexes (Ln3+: Eu and Tb) were successfully synthesized via a facile one-pot method with flufenamic acid (fluf) as ligand and benzimidazole (Bzim) or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole (C2mim) as counterions. In addition, the Q[Tb(fluf)4] complexes (Q+: Bzim and C2mim) were doped into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) polymeric matrices at a 1 % (w/w) concentration and revealed highly desirable photophysical features such as wide range excitation wavelengths for the PMMA and PCL matrices and a very uncommon emission under sunlight exposure arising from the Tb3+ ion for the PMMA material. Thus, the tetrakis compounds with general formula Q[Ln(fluf)4] were characterized by elemental and thermal analysis, ESI-MS mass spectrometry, and FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The PMMA:(1 %)Q[Tb(fluf)4] doped films revealed higher thermal stability than the complexes. The tetrakis Eu3+ complex with Bzim as counterion shows no luminescence either for room or low temperature due to a highly operative low-lying ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) state quenching, while the corresponding C2mim-based analogous complex reveals some weak intensity emission, showing very low intrinsic quantum yield (QEuEu) values. On the other hand, the corresponding Tb3+ compounds presented bright green emission for the solid-state complexes and, particularly, for the PMMA:(1 %)Q[Tb(fluf)4] doped films when excited at UVA, UVB, and UVC radiation. Moreover, when the doped PMMA films are exposed to sunlight radiation in an open external environment, a bright green emission arising from the 5D4 → 7F5 transition from the Tb3+ ion can be seen. In this way, these optical results suggest that the PMMA:(1 %)Q[Tb(fluf)4] luminescent photonic materials can act as versatile and efficient light-converting molecular devices (LCMDs).

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