Investigating the influence of polymaleic acid on reverse osmosis membrane performance to mitigate gypsum scaling
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Polymaleic acid (PMA) is widely recognized and utilized as an anti-scaling agent in reverse osmosis (RO) applications,
however, the specific impacts of PMA on RO membrane scaling and cleaning performance remain
underexplored, particularly related to comparing the addition of PMA to the feed solution and its immobilization
on membrane surfaces. To address this knowledge gap, this study compared bare membranes alone with
membranes coated (ESPA2-PMA) and bare membrane exposed to PMA in the feed solution (ESPA2-PMA_Solution),
with all membranes tested under dynamic RO scaling, cleaning, and re-scaling conditions. Initial scaling
experiments showed that both PMA applications presented reduced flux declines relative to the unmodified
membrane. PMA in solution demonstrated the highest scaling resistance, maintaining up to 70 % of the initial
flux after 6 h, while the coated membrane showed moderate improvement. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS) analysis revealed that PMA’s form—coating versus solution—significantly influenced calcium (Ca) binding
modes and gypsum crystal formation process. After cleaning, the membranes treated with PMA in solution had
the lowest water recovery, suggesting strong scaling prevention but reduced cleaning efficiency, likely due to Ca
bridges forming between gypsum crystals and the membrane surface, which impacted the cleaning process.
Como referenciar
JACOVONE, RAYNARA M.S.; WANG, MENG; SOARES, JAQUELINE J.S.; SAKATA, SOLANGE K.; RODRIGUES, DEBORA F. Investigating the influence of polymaleic acid on reverse osmosis membrane performance to mitigate gypsum scaling. Desalination, n. 619, p. 1-11, 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119544. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ipen.br/handle/123456789/49309. Acesso em: 27 Mar 2026.
Esta referência é gerada automaticamente de acordo com as normas do estilo IPEN/SP (ABNT NBR 6023) e recomenda-se uma verificação final e ajustes caso necessário.