PAULO ERNESTO DE OLIVEIRA LAINETTI

PAULO ERNESTO DE OLIVEIRA LAINETTI

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Determination of organochlorines in soil of a suburban area of São Paulo Brazil
2020 - VARCA, JUSTINE P.R.O.; MARTINS, ELAINE A.J.; VARCA, GUSTAVO H.C.; ROMANO, RENATO L.; LEBRE, DANIEL T.; LAINETTI, PAULO E.O.; BUSTILLOS, JOSE O.V.
Technological advances have promoted improvements in several science fields, especially related to environmental and analytical areas with the improvement of detection and development of environmentally friendly extraction techniques. This study applied Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe method (QuEChERS) for soil extraction and assessed its performance through a validation study using samples from the soil of a contaminated area in Caieiras, SP, Brazil. Nine organochlorine pesticides, including the isomers alpha, beta, gamma and delta- hexachlorocyclohexane; cis- and trans-heptachlor epoxide; cis- and trans-chlordane and heptachlor were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector. The method was validated according to ISO 5725-4 (2020), EURACHEM (2014) and DOQ-CGCRE-008 (2016). The limits of detection and quantification of the method for the nine organochlorines were α-HCH (1.2 and 12.6 µg kg−1), β-HCH (1.7 and 12.0 µg kg−1), γ-HCH (1.5 and 11.6 µg kg−1), δ-HCH (0.8 and 11.6 µg kg−1), heptachlor (1.0 and 10.8 µg kg−1), cis-heptachlor epoxide (0.9 and 11.5 µg kg−1), trans-heptachlor epoxide (0.9 and 11.5 µg kg−1), cis-chlordane (0.4 and 7.9 µg kg−1) and trans-chlordane (0.5 and 10.9 µg kg−1), respectively, and all of them were within the maximum limits recommended by the EPA for the compounds α-HCH (86.0 and 360.0 µg kg−1), β-HCH (300.0 and 1.3 × 103 µg kg−1), γ-HCH (570.0 and 2.5 × 103 µg kg−1), δ-HCH (not defined), heptachlor (130.0 and 630.0 µg kg−1), cis-/trans-heptachlor epoxide (7.0 and 330.0 µg kg−1), cis-/trans-chlordane (1.77 × 103 and 7.7 × 103 µg kg−1) in residential and industrial soil, respectively. Recovery results were between 65% and 105% for almost all compounds, which is an optimum result for multi-residue analytical methods, considering the complexity of the matrix used in the study. Caieiras presented contamination levels of α-HCH in the range of 2.0 to 66.0 µg g−1, which was higher than the limits established by EPA, corresponding to 0.077 µg g−1 for residential soil and 0.27 µg g−1 for industrial soil. According to the validation study, the analytical method proposed was reliable for organochlorine quantification, and the QuEChERS was considered efficient for organochlorine extraction from soil.
Thorium and lithium in Brazil
2019 - OLIVEIRA, GLAUCIA A.C. de; LAINETTI, PAULO E.O.; BUSTILLOS, JOSE O.W.V.; PIRANI, DEBORA A.; BERGAMASCHI, VANDERLEI S.; FERREIRA, JOAO C.; SENEDA, JOSE A.
Brazil has one of the largest reserves of thorium in the world, including rare earth minerals. It has developed a great program in the field of nuclear technology for decades, including facilities to produced oxides to microspheres and thorium nitrates. Nowadays, with the current climate change, it is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, one of this way is exploring the advent of IV Generation reactors, molten salt reactors, that using Thorium and Lithium. Thorium's technology is promising and has been awaiting the return of one nuclear policy that incorporates its relevance to the necessary levels, since countries like the BRICS (without Brazil) have been doing so for years. Brazil has also been developing studies on the purification of lithium, and this one associated to thorium, are the raw material of the molten salt reactors. This paper presents a summary of the thorium and lithium technology that the country already has, and its perspectives to the future.
Prospective thorium fuels for future nuclear energy generation
2017 - LAINETTI, PAULO E.O.
Decomposição térmica segura de pesticidas organoclorados por oxidação submersa em sais fundidos
2013 - LAINETTI, P.E.O.
Este estudo foi motivado pelo interesse atual, em todo o mundo,no desenvolvimento de processos avançados de decomposição de resíduos, categoria na qual o processo aqui descrito se insere. Este interesse decorre da necessidade de processos mais seguros para a decomposição de determinados resíduos, particularmente aqueles considerados perigosos ou que apresentem impacto significativo no meio ambiente. A tecnologia desenvolvida se enquadra em tal princípio, sendo aplicável para a eliminação intrinsecamente segura deresíduos orgânicos perigosos, particularmente os organoclorados, cuja degradação tem apresentado problemas quando da utilização de métodos mais comuns, como a incineração. Pesticidas banidos, obsoletos ou descartados constituem um sério risco ambiental em todo o mundo, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Os HCHs, ou hexaclorociclohexanos, também denominados BHC ou Lindane, são inseticidas organoclorados banidos na maioria dos países nos anos 70 e 80 . É um dos compostos que constituem o grupo dos chamados POPs, ou seja, poluentes orgânicos persistentes, que são regulados internacionalmente pela Convenção da Basiléia. Dentre os principais POPs poderiam ser citados os pesticidas, as dioxinas e os PCBs que representam, segundo a United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization – UNIDO,um dos problemas mais sérios e urgentes a serem enfrentados, devido, por um lado, à sua ampla difusão no meio ambiente e, por outro, em virtude das suas propriedades e características particulares, as quais determinam sua persistência em águas e solos. A United Nations Environmental Protection - UNEP, por exemplo, iniciou uma ação global para o estabelecimento deum tratado internacional para reduzir e/ou eliminar emissões e descargas de 12 POPs específicos, conhecidos também como “dirtydozen” , ou, literalmente, “dúzia suja” (Aldrin, Clordano, Mirex, Dieldrin, DDT, dioxinas, furanos, PCBs, Endrin, heptacloro, BHC e toxafeno), além de estabelecer critérios científicos para a possível inclusão de outros. A oxidação em sais fundidos é um processo que promove uma decomposição mais completa e mais segura de resíduos considerados críticos, como por exemplo, os POPs (poluentes orgânicos persistentes), produtos químicos obsoletos, compostos extremamente energéticos (propelentes e explosivos), etc. Neste processo, o resíduo e o oxidante (ar ou ar enriquecido com oxigênio) são misturados abaixo da superfície de um leito turbulento de sais em fusão. A oxidação ocorre em temperaturas de processo mais baixas que as da incineração convencional, mas que associadas à fase líquida em que ocorrem as reações, são suficientes para promover uma decomposição completa e segura de resíduos perigosos, particularmente os organoclorados. Neste caso, o cloro reage com o sódio, formando cloreto de sódio, que fica retido no banho salino. Neste trabalho, descrevem-se as atividades de construção e desenvolvimento de um reator de sais fundidos, para decomposição de resíduos perigosos, bem como são apresentados alguns resultados da decomposição de pesticidas.
Thorium and its future importance for nuclear energy generation
2016 - LAINETTI, PAULO E.O.
Thorium was discovered in 1828 by the Swedish chemist Jons J. Berzelius. Despite some advantages over uranium for use in nuclear reactors, its main use, in the almost two centuries since its discovery, thorium was restricted to use for gas mantles, especially in the early 20th century. In the beginning of the nuclear era, many countries had interested on thorium, particularly during the 1950-1970 period. There are about 435 nuclear reactors in the world nowadays. They need more than 65,000 tons of uranium yearly. The future world energy needs will increase and, even if we assumed a conservative contribution of nuclear generation, there will be a significant increasing in the uranium prices occur, taking into account that uranium, as used in the present thermal reactors, is a finite resource. Thorium is nearly three times more abundant than uranium in the Earth’s crust. Despite thorium is not a fissile material, 232Th can be converted to 233U (fissile) more efficiently than 238U to 239Pu. Besides this, since it is possible to convert thorium waste into non-radioactive elements, thorium is an environment-friendly alternative energy source. Thorium fuel cycle is also inherently resistant to proliferation. Some papers evaluate the thorium resources in Brazil over 1,200,000 metric t. Then, the thorium alternative must be seriously considered in Brazil for strategic reasons. In this paper a brief history of thorium is presented, besides a review of the world thorium utilization and a discussion about advantages and restrictions of thorium use.
Decommissioning of uranium pilot plants at IPEN-CNEN/SP: facilities dismantling, decontamination and reuse as new laboratories for strategic programs
2016 - LAINETTI, PAULO E. de O.; FREITAS, ANTONIO A. de; VASQUES, FRANCISCO M.F.; FERREIRA, ROBSON de J.; COTRIM, MARYCEL E.B.; PIRES, MARIA A.F.
From beginning of 90’s, the Brazilian nuclear policy has been changed radically. This determined the interruption of most R&D fuel cycle activities and the facilities shutdown at Nuclear and Energetic Research Institute (IPEN). The existence of those facilities also implicated in the need of constant surveillance, representing additional obligations, costs and problems. The reasons to promote the dismantling of the IPEN’s Nuclear Fuel Cycle Pilot Plants elapsed mainly from the need of physical space for new activities, since the R&D in the nuclear fuel cycle area were interrupted. In the last decade, IPEN has changed its “nuclear profile” to a “comprehensive and multidisciplinary profile”. With the end of most nuclear fuel cycle activities, the former facilities were distributed in four different centers. Each center has adopted a different strategy and priority to face the D&D problem. The available resources depend on the specific program in each area’s development (resources available from other sources, not only from Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN). One of those new activities is the IPEN’s Environmental Program. This paper describes the procedures, problems faced and results related to the reintegration of the former pilot plant areas as new laboratories of the Chemical and Environmental Technology CenterCQMA of the IPEN.
Molten salts as stripping media for radioactive superficial decontamination
2016 - LAINETTI, PAULO E. de O.
The main practical difficulty associated to the task of the dismantling and decommissioning of the IPEN’s old nuclear fuel cycle facilities has been the big amount of radioactive waste generated in the dismantling operations. The waste is mainly in the form of contaminated carbon steel structures. In the IPEN, the presence of contamination in the equipments, structures and buildings, although restricted to low and medium activity levels, constituted an important concern due, on one hand, to the great volume of radioactive wastes generated during the operations. On the other hand, it should be outstanding that the capacity of radioactive wastes stockpiling in IPEN found been exhausted. In function of the large waste volume generated in the dismantling operations, the main concerns and focuses of research and technological development in the IPEN’s Chemical and Environmental Center—CQMA have been the effluent and waste treatment subjects, besides the development of some special decontamination techniques, since most old nuclear fuel cycle facilities are installed in the CQMA’s area. The reduction of the radioactive waste volume has a significant impact in the decommissioning costs and in the amount of material to be stored. The mentioned steel structures, during the operations and after ten or twelve years after the facilities shut down, have presented severe corrosion. In the past, to protect them, several layers of paint were applied. Traditional decontamination methods were tried, such as acid pickling, alkaline washing and ultrasonic baths. Nevertheless, these methods have failed to reach effective decontamination. In this paper, we described some aspects and problems in decommissioning of IPEN’s nuclear fuel cycle facilities and it is presented an innovative method for radioactive superficial decontamination of steel structures using different molten salt compositions and temperatures as stripping media.
Use of dopants for thoria sintering temperature reduction-characterization of THO2
2016 - TAKIISHI, HIDETOSHI; GENOVA, LUIS A.; CAVALHEIRA, ELTON D.; COTRIM, MARYCEL B.; SANTOS, WILSON; LAINETTI, PAULO E.O.
Thorium is nearly three times more abundant than uranium in the Earth’s crust. Some papers evaluate the thorium resources in Brazil over 1,200,000 metric t. These figures mean that the country is probably the biggest thorium resource in the world, with only part of the territory prospected. Nevertheless, Brazil has not a research program for use of thorium in nuclear reactors, even having dedicated special attention to the subject in the beginning of its nuclear activities, in the fifties and sixties. From 1985 until 2003 IPEN operated a pilot plant for thorium nitrate production and purification, used by Brazilian industry for production of gas mantles. This facility produced over 170 metric t of thorium nitrate. Despite the non-nuclear application, the pilot plant was unique in the southern hemisphere. On the other hand, Brazil has the biggest world niobium resources. The Brazilian thorium and niobium resources added to the predictable future importance of alternative fissile materials have motivated this research, since uranium is a finite resource if used in the present thermal nuclear reactors. Besides this, thorium oxide is an important nuclear reactor material. It is a refractory oxide and its ceramic fabrication process involves a very high temperature sintering treatment considering that thoria melting point is very high (3,650 K). Cations of elements of the group VB (V, Nb and Ta) have a known effect in the reduction of thoria sintering temperature. IPEN has initiated an investigation about the use of niobium as a dopant for thoria sintering temperature reduction. The thoria used in the research was produced in the IPEN’s pilot plant and different amounts of niobium oxide (Nb2O5) will be added to thoria by different routes. The powders will be compressed and the compacted pellets will be sintered at different temperatures. The influence of the different parameters in the density of sintered pellets is being investigated. This paper presents the chemical and physical characterization for the thoria used in the investigation.
Cutting techniques for facilities dismantling in decommissioning projects
2016 - LAINETTI, PAULO E.O.
Fuel cycle related activities were accomplished in IPEN-CNEN/SP in laboratory and pilot plant scale and most facilities were built in the 70-80 years. Nevertheless, radical changes of the Brazilian nuclear policy in the beginning of 90’s determined the interruption of several fuel cycle activities and facilities shutdown. Some laboratory and pilot plant decommissioning activities have been performed in IPEN in the last years. During the operational activities in the decommissioning of old nuclear fuel cycle facilities, the personnel involved in the task had to face several problems. In old facilities, the need of large components dismantling and material removal use to present some difficulties, such as lack of available and near electricity supply. Besides this, the spread out of the superficial contamination in the form of dust or aerosols and the exposure of workers should be as much as possible avoided. Then, the selection and availability of suitable tools for the task, mainly those employed for cutting and segmentation of different materials is of significant importance. Slight hand tools, mainly those powered by rechargeable batteries, facilitate the work, especially in areas where the access is difficult. Based on the experience in the dismantling of some old nuclear facilities of IPEN-CNEN/SP, some tools that would have facilitated the operations were identified and their availability could have improved the quality and efficiency of different individual tasks. In this paper, different cutting problems and techniques, as well as some available commercial hand tools, are presented as suggestion for future activities.
Chemical characterization of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and development of its decomposition in an industrial area of São Paulo, Brazil
2015 - OLIVEIRA, J.P.R.; RIELLA, H.G.; LAINETTI, P.; REDIGOLO, M.M.; AMARAL, P.O.; MOURA, S.C.; BUSTILLOS, J.O.V.