IZABEL DA SILVA ANDRADE
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Resumo IPEN-doc 30958 Inversion of methane TROPOMI data applied to Metropolitan Region of São Paulo2024 - ANDRADE, IZABEL S.; MENDES, ALEX C.P.; VARON, DANIEL; ANDRADE, MARIA F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDODespite having numerous sources of methane emissions, the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), has a deficit in data related to emissions, especially in the identification of greenhouse gas sources in this region. Thus, the use of satellite data becomes a powerful tool to obtain estimates of methane emissions. The Sentinel 5-P satellite provides daily data on methane, so the application of an inverse method of these data makes it possible to estimate methane emissions from MRSP. We use Integrated Methane Inversion (IMI), this tool makes an inversion process that utilizes a highly sophisticated research-grade algorithm performing a straightforward inversion with a grid and default prior emission estimates. Inversions were performed, in the months of August, September, and October, due to the years of 2019, 2020, and 2021. This work presents the preliminary results of this study, which proved that IMI is a promising tool to obtain emission data of the MRSP.Artigo IPEN-doc 30956 Preliminary study of greenhouse gases near to Santos and São Sebastião ports2024 - ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; CORREA, THAIS; ANDRADE, THAIS; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M.; BRAGA, ELISABETE S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThe carbon biogeochemical cycle in nature involves the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial and marine biota, and mineral reservoirs, with major fluxes between the atmosphere and both terrestrial biota and ocean waters. Studies link the increase of CO2 and CH4 (GHG) to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Coastal zones have a significant impact on the carbon cycle. This study examines GHG concentrations in estuary systems close to port zones, focusing on Santos and São Sebastião ports in São Paulo, Brazil. Santos Port, the largest in Latin America, and São Sebastião Port, with a petroleum terminal, can be significant contributors of GEE. A preliminary campaign measured CO2 and CH4 for 27 hours using a portable GHG analyzer on the research vessel Albacora from the University of São Paulo's Oceanographic Institute. Results showed promising GHG concentrations, with CO2 levels above 420 ppm near Santos and above 450 ppm near São Sebastião, for methane, the major concentration was ~3 ppm, but in short period of acquisitions, in the major part of traject the level was between ~1.8 - ~1.9 ppm.Resumo IPEN-doc 30954 Pollutant levels in São Paulo’s Metropolitan Region and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic2024 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; CACHEFFO, ALEXANDRE; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; LOPES, FABIO J. da S.; GOMES, ANTONIO A.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOIn this work, we demonstrate how the variation in vehicular traffic due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the resumption of activities affected the concentrations of some pollutants (CO, NO2, PM2.5, andvPM10) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. For this purpose, we estimate the convective boundary layer (CBL) height from lidar measurements and radiosonde retrievals and calculate the ventilation coefficient, an essential parameter to evaluate the air pollutants’ dispersion level. In addition, it was observed the variation of some meteorological variables (air surface temperature, humidity, and rainfall rate) to identify the occurrence of conditions that can favor pollutant dispersion. Finally, based on the time series of the pollutants previously mentioned, we created an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to identify what will be the concentration of thesepollutants in normal conditions (no pandemic period). The results demonstrated that during the pandemic period, there was no significant change in the meteorological variables studied. However, there was a significant reduction in the concentration of pollutants whose main source is vehicular traffic (CO and NO2) and a significant increase with the resumption of activities, with the pre-pandemic level having already been reached within a few weeks. The findings here shown indicate that integrating remote sensing tools, surface data, and artificial intelligence techniques significantly enhances understanding of pollutant dynamics. Properly trained ANN algorithms offer the potential for applying this methodology in other regions.Artigo IPEN-doc 30947 Assessment of methane concentrations in estuarine regions on the coast of the state of São Paulo2024 - CORREA, THAIS; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M.; ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; BRAGA, ELISABETE S.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOWe evaluated concentrations of atmospheric CH4, which is considered one of the main gases causing global warming. We observed methane concentrations in the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine system on the southern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil and in the Santos estuary, Baixada Santista region, coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The south coast region is widely studied as it presents very well-preserved fauna and flora and thus offers an important background on natural emissions. Data acquisition was carried out by a portable gas analyzer (LGR-ICOSTM GLA131), this equipment has a high sensitivity in detecting the gases under study and was placed on board the research vessels Albacora and Alpha Delphini owned by the Institute of Oceanography at the University of São Paulo in campaigns that were carried out between 2021 and 2023 in specific periods. The concentrations observed during the exploratory campaigns in the estuaries on the coast of the State of São Paulo (Iguape Cananéia Estuarine-Lagunar Complex and Santos Estuary) behaved as described in the literature, regions with greater anthropic impact present higher values of methane concentrations in the atmosphere, low-impact regions have lower methane concentrations.Artigo IPEN-doc 30945 Investigating methane emissions from Landfill in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo2024 - SILVA, THAIS A. da; ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThis research addresses the escalating global levels of atmospheric methane, emphasizing the critical need for understanding its sources and behavior. Landfills are identified as methane super emitters, because its rates range from 1,000 to 3,000 kg/h. Focusing on the Landfill in the district of São Mateus, in the city of São Paulo, the study aims to investigate the significance of landfills in the rising methane levels, emphasizing the impact of super emitters and methane hotspots. Field campaigns conducted on February 15th and April 06th, 2023, utilized a portable greenhouse gas analyzer (ABB) to measure methane concentrations. Meteorological parameters from ERA5 and the AERMOD Modeling System were used for a comprehensive analysis. The results highlight elevated methane concentrations around the Landfill, emphasizing its role as a significant methane super emitter. The study underscores the importance of such analyses in understanding the impact of landfills on atmospheric methane levels.Artigo IPEN-doc 30789 Evaluation of the potential for greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4) emissions in the southern São Paulo coastal region, Cananéia-Iguape system2024 - ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; CORREA, THAIS; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M.; MARQUES, MARCIA T.; ANDRADE, THAIS; SOUTO-OLIVEIRA, CARLOS E.; BRAGA, ELISABETE S.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThe emissions of CH4 and CO2, the primary greenhouse gases, have a significant impact on radiative forcing. This study investigated these gases along the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine system on the southern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, which is a mangrove region characterized by low anthropogenic impact and a sparse population. As such, this area provides an ideal location for identifying natural emissions and background concentrations. The data for this study were collected using a portable gas analyzer (LGRICOSTM GLA131), known for its high sensitivity and precision in detecting gases, mounted on a research boat. The results obtained were promising for both gases. A small variability in CH4 concentrations was observed along the route, ranging from 1.84 ppm to 1.95 ppm, while CO2, showed greater variation in values obtained during routes, ranging from approximately 411 ppm to 575 ppm. This study underscores the importance of investigating areas with minimal environmental impact. Together with future analyses, this research should help improve Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventories in Brazil by providing valuable baseline data for comparisons with more impacted areas.Artigo IPEN-doc 30209 Comparison of PBL heights from ceilometer measurements and greenhouse gases concentrations in São Paulo2023 - SANTOS, AMANDA V. dos; ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; CORREA, THAIS; MARQUES, MARCIA T.A.; SOUTO-OLIVEIRA, CARLOS E.; LEONARDO, NOELE F.; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M.; SOUZA, GIOVANNI; LOPES, PEROLA P. de Q.; MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThis paper presents a study conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, where the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) was determined using ceilometer data and the wavelet covariance transform method. The retrieved PBLH values were subsequently compared with the concentrations of CO2 and CH4 measured at three distinct experimental sites in the city. The period of study was July 2021. This study also included a comparison between ceilometer data and lidar data, which demonstrated the favorable applicability of the ceilometer data for PBLH estimation. An examination of the correlation between changes in average CO2 concentrations and PBLH values revealed stronger correlations for the IAG and UNICID stations, with correlation coefficients (ρ) of approximately −0.86 and −0.85, respectively, in contrast to the Pico do Jaraguá station, which exhibited a lower correlation coefficient of −0.42. When assessing changes in CH4 concentrations against variations in PBL height, the retrieved correlation coefficients were approximately −0.78 for IAG, −0.66 for UNICID, and −0.38 for Pico do Jaraguá. The results indicated that CO2/CH4 concentrations are negatively correlated with PBL heights, with CO2 concentrations showing more significant correlation than CH4 . Additionally, among the three measurement stations, IAG measurements displayed the most substantial correlation. The results from this study contribute to the understanding of the relationship between PBLH and greenhouse gas concentrations, emphasizing the potential of remote sensing systems like ceilometers in monitoring and studying atmospheric processes.Artigo IPEN-doc 29836 Analyzing the influence of vehicular traffic on the concentration of pollutants in the city of São Paulo2023 - MOREIRA, GREGORI de A.; CACHEFFO, ALEXANDRE; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; LOPES, FABIO JULIANO da S.; GOMES, ANTONIO A.; LANDULFO, EDUARDOThis study employs surface and remote sensing data jointly with deep learning techniques to examine the influence of vehicular traffic in the seasonal patterns of CO, NO2 , PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations in the São Paulo municipality, as the period of physical distancing (March 2020 to December 2021), due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the resumption of activities, made it possible to observe significant variations in the flow of vehicles in the city of São Paulo. Firstly, an analysis of the planetary boundary layer height and ventilation coefficient was performed to identify the seasons’ patterns of pollution dispersion. Then, the variations (from 2018 to 2021) of the seasonal average values of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and thermal inversion occurrence/position were compared to identify possible variations in the patterns of such variables that would justify (or deny) the occurrence of more favorable conditions for pollutants dispersion. However, no significant variations were found. Finally, the seasonal average concentrations of the previously mentioned pollutants were compared from 2018 to 2021, and the daily concentrations observed during the pandemic period were compared with a model based on an artificial neural network. Regarding the concentration of pollutants, the primarily sourced from vehicular traffic (CO and NO2 ) exhibited substantial variations, demonstrating an inverse relationship with the rate of social distancing. In addition, the measured concentrations deviated from the predictive model during periods of significant social isolation. Conversely, pollutants that were not primarily linked to vehicular sources (PM2.5 and PM10) exhibited minimal variation from 2018 to 2021; thus, their measured concentration remained consistent with the prediction model.Resumo IPEN-doc 28973 Spatial-temporal analysis of NO2 in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo2021 - ANDRADE, IZABEL da S.; ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; CORREA, THAIS; MACEDO, FERNANDA de M; LANDULFO, EDUARDONowadays, several methods of monitoring air pollutants exist, however few allow a large spatial and temporal coverage. Sentinel-5P is a satellite dedicated to atmospheric monitoring with a high spatial-temporal resolution, offering a large data of miscellaneous chemical species. Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), emitted by anthropogenic activities into the atmosphere - in large urban centers their main emitting source is vehicles - need particular attention, , in addition to being primary pollutants, they are precursors for formation of other chemical species due to photochemical reactions, mainly tropospheric ozone. These photochemical interactions of NOX stimulate to reduce its lifetime in the atmosphere. Furthermore, these pollutants are used as air quality indexes. The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) has more than 30 cities, being an important economic center for the state of São Paulo. The MRSP has highways with high circulation of light and heavy vehicles, industries and also a high population density. Such factors make this region a favorable area for a satellite study. Thus, the present work uses Sentinel-5P NO2 L2 data in order to analyze the evolution of concentrations throughout 2019.Resumo IPEN-doc 28971 Methane determination in São Paulo coastal regions using the Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technique2021 - CORREA, THAIS; MACEDO, FERNANDA M.; ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; ANDRADE, IZABEL S.; GOMES, ANTONIO A.; SILVA, JONATAN; LANDULFO, EDUARDOMethane is one of the main greenhouse gases due to its high radiation absorption capacity. The increase in methane emissions from anthropogenic sources causes concern in the entire scientific community due to the aggregated uncertainties, generating several works focused on the identification and quantification of generating sources. This work aims to quantify methane in two distinct regions, the first study region is in Cubatão city, located in the São Paulo coast. It is an important petrochemical complex with high industrial activities and environmental impact, presenting 25 large companies in the chemical sector, distributed in an area of 143 Km2. Another region observed is Intanhaém, on the coast of the state of São Paulo. This region doesn´t present industrial activity and has a low population index. The technique used to detect methane in the atmosphere was Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), which consists on analysis of atmospheric components, in a small cavity that has a laser and high reflectivity mirrors of 99.999%, allowing the signal travel for kilometers inside the cavity, in a short time, increasing the sensitivity of detection of compounds in the sample.
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