Advanced analytical approaches for phenolic compounds in groundwater
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GIANCARLA VIVIANA SANTA-CRUZ-MERIDA
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Water
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Groundwater is of vital significance to achieve the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs); nevertheless, it remains vulnerable to contamination
from phenolic compounds. This systematic review critically evaluates the chromatographic
and spectrometric techniques applied in real-case groundwater contamination studies
involving phenolic compounds. It highlights advances, limitations, and research gaps.
A comprehensive research strategy retrieved a total of 345 publications from the Scopus
andWeb of Science databases, of which 52 (from the years 1984 to 2023) met the PRISMA
criteria. The review identified 107 phenolic compounds across 25 countries. Temporal and
spatial analyses, source identification, and pollutant profiles were systematically assessed
per country. The study also mapped priority (n = 11) and hazardous (n = 27) phenolic
compounds according to the USEPA, comparing their detectability across analytical methods.
The most frequently applied techniques were LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, while GC-MS
demonstrated competitive performance when combined with derivatization. The study
found that contamination was predominantly reported in the Global North, with industrial
and domestic sewage being the main sources. The highest concentrations reported were
40 × 106 ng/L for 4-methylphenol and 50 × 106 ng/L for phenol, both of which are hazardous
substances typically linked to industrial/domestic effluents and the use of pesticides.
These findings highlight the imperative for regulatory measures and international scientific
collaboration to enhance groundwater monitoring, particularly in the Global South, where
data scarcity persists.
Como referenciar
SANTA-CRUZ-MERIDA, GIANCARLA V.; OTOMO, JULIANA I.; ARAOZ-PRADO, DIEGO R.; RODRIGUES, ELAINE A.; ANDRADE, DELVONEI A. de; BUSTILLOS, OSCAR V. Advanced analytical approaches for phenolic compounds in groundwater: a PRISMA systematic review. Water, v. 17, n. 8, p. 1-37, 2025. DOI: doi.org/10.3390/w17081173. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ipen.br/handle/123456789/49514. Acesso em: 20 Mar 2026.
Esta referência é gerada automaticamente de acordo com as normas do estilo IPEN/SP (ABNT NBR 6023) e recomenda-se uma verificação final e ajustes caso necessário.