Step-by-step of 3D printing a head-and-neck phantom
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Radiation Physics and Chemistry
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3D printing has evolved and become popular very quickly over the last 10 years, including its use in health and
biomedical applications. Phantoms that mimic the interaction of radiation within the human body have been
manufactured for many years using various technologies with great demand. However, their availability is
restricted, and their cost is considerably high, especially considering exchange rates and importation taxes to
Brazil. Thus, this paper aims to share the step-by-step process of 3D printing a head-and-neck phantom using
fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. A CIRS 711 Atom Max phantom CT image was used as the basis for
the segmentation of the phantom. Radiopaque FFF filaments XCT-0, XCT-A, and XCT-C were used to build soft
tissue, bone, and dental enamel, respectively. The phantom’s design and segmentation were performed using the
“3D Slicer Software,” resulting in 58 different 3D models. The models were organized as 20 mm individual slabs,
which were later sliced using Simplify3D software to be printed on a GTMaX Pro Core H4 3D printer coupled
with a Mosaic Pallet 2S multi-material system. An imaging analysis was then performed to compare the original
CIRS 711 Atom Max and the 3D printed phantom composed of 14 slabs. The proposed methodology of this study
shows the possible use of tomographic images of any objects or anatomy to perform 3D prototyping of patient-specific
and customized phantoms. The phantom imaging comparison shows great results using the proposed FFF
filaments to mimic the main human tissues of the head-and-neck region. This methodology represents a feasible
alternative to develop CT tissue-equivalent phantoms with desirable characteristics for radiation technology and
biomedical applications, e.g. patient positioning, imaging techniques optimization and in vivo dosimetry.
Additionally, the developed phantom is cost-effective and can be obtained for around 10% of the cost of a
commercially available phantom in Brazil.
Como referenciar
SAVI, M.; VILLANI, D.; ANDRADE, B.; SOARES, F.A.P.; RODRIGUES JUNIOR, O.; CAMPOS, L.L.; POTIENS, M.P.A. Step-by-step of 3D printing a head-and-neck phantom: proposal of a methodology using fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 223, p. 1-11, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.111965. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ipen.br/handle/123456789/49029. Acesso em: 20 Mar 2026.
Esta referência é gerada automaticamente de acordo com as normas do estilo IPEN/SP (ABNT NBR 6023) e recomenda-se uma verificação final e ajustes caso necessário.